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SHOWING FLEXIBILITY BY BEING WILLING TO ADD AND SUBTRACT ISSUES IN AN EFFORT TO FIND A SOLUTION IN INTERNAL MILITARIZED DISPUTES CAN BE VITAL TO SUCCESS. EXAMPLES DRAWN FROM RECENT NEGOTIATIONS INVOLVING ANGOLA, CAMBODIA, EL SALVADOR, MOZAMBIQUE, AND THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA PROVIDE A NUMBER OF LESSONS CONCERNING THE MANIPULATION OF ISSUES AND HOW THAT MIGHT FACILITATE AGREEMENT OR MAKE IT LESS LIKELY. IN SOME INSTANCES, THESE INVOLVE CERTAIN DILEMMAS, SINCE SUBTRACTING ISSUES MAY HELP AGREEMENT, BUT THE RESULTING AGREEMENT MAY NOT MEAN MUCH; EFFORTS TO PUNISH PERPETRATORS OF VIOLENCE ON THE OTHER SIDE WILL IMPEDE NEGOTIATIONS, BUT FAILURE TO DO SO MAY UNDERMINE POPULAR SUPPORT FOR THE AGREEMENT; AND REGIONALIZING THE NEGOTIATION MAY BRING IN OTHER PARTIES AND ISSUES. ALLOWING MORE TRADEOFFS, BUT CAN DELAY THE NEGOTIATION BY ADDING COMPLEXITY.

Focuses attention on the ability of welfare (AFDC and general assistance) to reduce poverty among families, by highlighting and explaining rural-urban differences in this ameliorative effect. (Abstract amended)

Decennial US census data, 1970-1990, are analyzed to document trends in the utilization & ameliorative effects of public assistance among poor children. Results show: (1) a marked increase since 1970 in the % of poor children receiving public assistance; (2) a sharp rise in poor children's reliance on public assistance vis-a-vis parental earnings; & (3) stagnation or even deterioration in the ameliorative effects of public assistance on child poverty during the 1980s. 4 Tables, 23 References. Adapted from the source document.

Performances of Peace: Utrecht 1713 aims to rethink the significance of the Peace of Utrecht (1713) by exploring the nexus between culture and politics. This book is available in Open Access.

Understanding migratory behavior, mortality, and physiology is essential for conservation of many species, particularly anadromous fish. In this study, freshwater and marine migrations of the endangered salmonid North Sea houting (Coregonus oxyrinchus (Linnaeus, 1758)) were investigated using telemetry. Furthermore, physiological samples were collected from North Sea houting and from resident and anadromous populations of the closely related European whitefish (Coregonus lavaretus (Linnaeus, 1758)) to compare hypo-osmotic tolerances. On average, North Sea houting spent 193 days at sea where the mortality was 36%. Most fish returned from sea in the autumn, and river entry correlated inversely with river temperature and positively with discharge. Fish spent an average of 49 days in the estuarine area. Artificial lakes negatively affected migration speeds. Migration speeds did not differ consistently between individuals (i.e., not a repeatable trait) but correlated positively with water temperature. Fish arrived at spawning areas in November. In the post-spawning state, Na+/K+-ATPase activities were elevated in North Sea houting and anadromous whitefish compared with resident whitefish, while osmolality was elevated only in North Sea houting. Our study provides important information for conservation planning related to the Habitat Directive of the European Union that lists the North Sea houting as critically endangered.