Suchergebnisse

Ecology, sustainable development, and IPM: the human factor / M. Kogan and P. Jepson -- From simple IPM to the management of agroecosystems / R. Levins -- Populations, metapopulations: elementary units of IPM systems / L. Winder and I.P. Woiwod -- Arthropod pest behavior and IPM / R.J. Prokopy and B.D. Roitberg -- Using pheromones to disrupt mating of moth pests / R.T. Cardé -- Nutritional ecology of plant feeding arthropods and IPM / A.R. Panizzi -- Conservation, biodiversity, and integrated pest management / S.D. Wratten ... [et al.] -- Ecological risks of biological control agents: impacts on IPM / H.M.T. Hokkanen, J.C. van Lenteren and I. Menzler-Hokkanen -- Ecology of natural enemies and genetically engineered host plants / G.G. Kennedy and F. Gould -- Modeling the dynamics of tritrophic population interactions / A.P. Gutierrez and J. Baumgärtner -- Weed ecology, habitat management, and IPM / R.F. Norris -- The ecology of vertebrate pests and integrated pest management (IPM) / G. Witmer -- Ecosystems: concepts, analyses, and practical implications in IPM / T.D. Schowalter -- Agroecology: contributions towards a renewed ecological foundation for pest management / C.I. Nicholls and M.A. Altieri -- Applications of molecular ecology to IPM: what impact? / P.J. De Barro, O.R. Edwards and P. Sunnucks -- Ecotoxicology: the ecology of interactions between pesticides and non-target organisms / P.C. Jepson

The term national park has public meaning and institutional definition. The first derives from an ideal, promoted by prominent citizens between ca. 1850 and 1970 that, through the preservation and enjoyment of spectacular natures in parks a sense of nationhood, cultural identity and citizenship could be forged or reimagined. In this sense, National Parks act as a brand. Subsequently, the national park term has acquired an institutional definition within the protected area categorisations of the IUCN. This specifies that national parks should be "large areas in an 'intact natural state' protected to conserve biodiversity and functioning ecosystems, to educate and excite people concerning the need for conservation and to provide a foundation for tourism economies". In the IUCN sense, national parks are resource reserves of national significance with the potential to generate co-benefits. Conflating these two distinct concepts of national park within international policy and conservation science has served to generate ambiguity concerning the purpose and implemetation of this 'gold standard' of place-based conservation. At a time when identity politics is on the rise and international finance for biodiversity is in decline we suggest it is relevant to disaggregate national parks into those that play a role in 'branding' and shaping cultural identities and those that are primarily concerned with the conservation of biodiversity and ecosystem services. To this end we we have developed a 'Yellowstone Index' of public interest in national parks as a heuristic tool for reassessing their role in public policy. Our index is calcualted from Wikipedia page view data and can be applied at multipe scales. We demonstrate distinct geographies for iconic parks and reveal different national approaches to national park policy. Our Yellowstone index offers a heauristic tool for reassesing the role of national parks in public policy. It supports among other things: i) mapping and quantifying the degree to which nature conservation is part of the cultural identities of nations and regions, ii) identification of NPs and associated natural features that support, of have the potential to support, place branding and tourism economies, iii) identifications of NPs with little public interest and that may be at risk if political support changes in favour of economic land development. Perhaps mostly importantly it enhances democratic transparency of national park policy and thereby the potential to reinvigorate and align the national park designation with wider trends in society. ; peerReviewed

Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) represents the strategic linkage between a climate change regime and international forest policy. But the future success of REDD+ will depend, in part, on how policy makers perceive the challenges and opportunities it offers stakeholders. This study investigated perceptions toward REDD+ based on interviews with 60 Indonesia-based key-informants influencing REDD+ policy. Interviewees cited "governance reform," "network building," "conservation," and "economic development" as opportunities. The perceived challenges included "REDD+'s complexity," "uncertainty of REDD+ decisions," "REDD+ is a tool of developed countries," and problems inherent within existing forest governance related to coordination, lack of capacity, ambiguity of legal system, and corruption. Adopting a clientelist perspective we draw attention to the underlying causes of these problems and the implication for REDD+. Despite highlighting significant challenges, most informants viewed the REDD+ mechanism as a potentially useful instrument to improve forest governance. Based on our findings, we suggest that identifying governance reforms that do not require major structural changes in the bureaucratic system in the short-term hold the best chance of success for capitalizing on the opportunities REDD+ may offer in the future.

Apps are small task-orientated programs with the potential to integrate the computational and sensing capacities of smartphones with the power of cloud computing, social networking, and crowdsourcing. They have the potential to transform how humans interact with nature, cause a step change in the quantity and resolution of biodiversity data, democratize access to environmental knowledge, and reinvigorate ways of enjoying nature. To assess the extent to which this potential is being exploited in relation to nature, we conducted an automated search of the Google Play Store using 96 nature-related terms. This returned data on ~36 304 apps, of which ~6301 were nature-themed. We found that few of these fully exploit the full range of capabilities inherent in the technology and/or have successfully captured the public imagination. Such breakthroughs will only be achieved by increasing the frequency and quality of collaboration between environmental scientists, information engineers, computer scientists, and interested publics.