Suchergebnisse

In this paper, issues that Kashmiri Pandits had to face in Kashmir due to which they had to leave their homes and migrate to other parts of India has been discussed. In understanding the conflicts that lead to the exodus, a reading of Siddharth Gigoo's novel Garden of Solitude, published in 2010 has been done. The novel tells the story about how the brotherhood between the people of Kashmir got destroyed because of vested interests in the region. Due to that Kashmiri Pandits got ultimatum from the militants to leave Kashmir. The novel highlights the hardship that Kashmiri Pandits went through and how their issues were not taken by the media and the governments since then. The paper also explores how the writer deals with the politics of the exodus and what was his idea behind the novel. The novel is quite close to the life of the author and authenticates his narrative.

Intro -- Contents -- FOREWORD -- NETWORKING TOWARD EU INTEGRATION -- CONTRIBUTORS -- 1. Overview -- Part I Winners and Losers of EU Integration in Central and Eastern Europe: Cross-Country Reports -- 2. The Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, the Slovak Republic, and Slovenia -- 3. The Baltic States: The Economic Dimension -- 4. The Baltic States: The Political and Social Dimensions -- 5. Bulgaria and Romania -- Part II Winners and Losers of EU Integration in Central and Eastern Europe: Country Reports -- 6. The Czech Republic -- 7. Hungary -- 8. Poland -- 9. The Slovak Republic -- 10. Slovenia -- Part III EU Perspectives -- 11. Internal Problems of the European Union That Might Obstruct an Enlargement Toward the East -- 12. Portugal's EU integration: Lessons for Future Enlargements -- INDEX -- TABLES -- 3.A1 The Main Bilateral Economic Agreements between the Baltic States and the European Union -- 3.A2 Instruments of Baltic States' Integration into the European Union -- 3.A3 Gross Domestic Product by Economic Activty in 1998 -- 3.A4 Employed Persons by Economic Activity, 1998, May -- 3.A5 Selected Macroeconomic Indicators, 1998 -- 3.A6 Export Structure by Trade Partners in 1998 -- 3.A7 Import Structure by Trade Partners in 1998 -- 3.A8 Losers and Winners: Free Movement of Goods -- 3.A9 Losers and Winners: Free Movement of Labor -- 3.A10 Losers and Winners: Free Movement of Services -- 3.A11 Losers and Winners: Free Movement of Capital -- 3.A12 Losers and Winners: Common Agricultural Policy -- 3.A13 Losers and Winners: Economic and Monetary Union -- 3.A14 General Table: Losers and Winners in the Selected Areas -- 4.1 Gross Domestic Product Per Capita Using Puchasing Power Parity -- 4.2 Baltic States HDI Value and HDI Rank, 1993-1999 -- 4.3 Views of Respondents on Winners and Losers (PHARE 1997) -- 4.4 Views of Respondents on Winners and Losers.

From its inception, the Disease Control Priorities series has focused attention on delivering efficacious health interventions that can result in dramatic reductions in mortality and disability at relatively modest cost. The approach has been multidisciplinary, and the recommendations have been evidence-based, scalable, and adaptable in multiple settings. Better and more equitable health care is the shared responsibility of governments and international agencies, public and private sectors, and societies and individuals, and all of these partners have been involved in the development of the series. Volume 3, Cancer, presents the complex patterns of cancer incidence and death around the world and evidence on effective and cost-effective ways to control cancers. The DCP3 evaluation of cancer will indicate where cancer treatment is ineffective and wasteful, and offer alternative cancer care packages that are cost-effective and suited to low-resource settings.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Contents -- Foreword -- Introduction -- Preface -- Abbreviations -- PART 1 OBJECTIVES AND CONCLUSION OF DISEASE CONTROL PRIORITIES, THIRD EDITION -- 1. Universal Health Coverage and Intersectoral Action for Health -- 2. Intersectoral Policy Priorities for Health -- 3. Universal Health Coverage and Essential Packages of Care -- PART 2 PROBLEMS AND PROGRESS -- 4. Global and Regional Causes of Death: Patterns and Trends, 2000-15 -- 5. Annual Rates of Decline in Child, Maternal, Tuberculosis, and Noncommunicable Disease Mortality across 109 Low- and Middle-Income Countries from 1990 to 2015 -- 6. Economic Burden of Chronic Ill Health and Injuries for Households in Low- and Middle-Income Countries -- PART 3 ECONOMIC EVALUATION RESULTS FROM DISEASE CONTROL PRIORITIES, THIRD EDITION -- 7. Cost-Effectiveness Analysis in Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition -- 8. Health Policy Analysis: Applications of Extended Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Methodology in Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition -- 9. Benefit-Cost Analysis in Disease Control Priorities, Third Edition -- PART 4 HEALTH SYSTEM TOPICS FROM DISEASE CONTROL PRIORITIES, THIRD EDITION -- 10. Quality of Care -- 11. High-Quality Diagnosis: An Essential Pathology Package -- 12. Palliative Care and Pain Control -- 13. Strengthening Health Systems to Provide Emergency Care -- 14. Community Platforms for Public Health Interventions -- 15. Rehabilitation: Essential along the Continuum of Care -- PART 5 INTERSECTORAL AND INTERNATIONAL TOPICS -- 16. Development Assistance for Health -- 17. Pandemics: Risks, Impacts, and Mitigation -- 18. The Loss from Pandemic Influenza Risk -- 19. Fiscal Instruments for Health in India -- DCP3 Series Acknowledgments -- Volume Editors -- Contributors -- Advisory Committee to the Editors -- Reviewers.

Objective: Tobacco taxes are a well-established cost-effective policy to prevent Noncommunicable Diseases. This paper evaluates the expected effects of a tobacco tax increase on the Sustainable Development Goals in Colombia. Methods: We use microsimulation to build an artificial society that mimics the observed characteristics of Colombia's population, and from there we simulate the behavioral response to a tax increase of COP$4,750 (an increase that has been discussed by policy makers and legislators) and the subsequent effects in all SDGs. Results: The tobacco tax hike reduces the number of smokers (from 4.51 to 3.45 MM smokers) and smoking intensity, resulting in a drop in the number of cigarettes smoked in Colombia (from 332.3 to 215.5 MM of 20-stick packs). Such reduction is expected to decrease premature mortality, healthcare costs, poverty and people facing catastrophic expenditure on healthcare, to increase health, income and gender equity, and to strengthen domestic resource mobilization even in the presence of illicit cigarettes. Conclusion: Tobacco taxes are an effective intervention for public health and a powerful instrument to advance on the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda. Relevance: A comprehensive analysis of the impact of tobacco taxes on all areas of Sustainable Development is missing in the empirical literature. Such perspective is needed to break the barriers for further tobacco tax increases by gathering wider societal support, especially from stakeholders and key decision makers from development areas other than health. SDG Nr: SDG3 (health), SDG 1 (no poverty), SDG 4 (education), SDG 5 (gender equality), SDG6 (water), SDG10 (inequality), SDG12 (responsible production and consumption), SDG17 (partnerships).

BACKGROUND: Several studies have shown the beneficial effects of tobacco fiscal policy, but distributional effects have been less examined, especially at the subnational level. The objective of this study is to analyse the distributional effects of a one-peso tobacco tax increase (roughly equivalent to tripling the current excise tax) on health, poverty, and financial outcomes at the subnational level in Mexico. METHODS: We employ an extended cost-effectiveness analysis that estimates life-years gained, smoking attributable deaths averted, treatment costs averted, number of persons avoiding poverty and catastrophic health expenditures, and additional tax revenues by income group across five regions. RESULTS: With the one-peso tax increase (or 44% price increase), about 1.5 million smokers would quit smoking across the five regions, resulting in nearly 630 thousand premature deaths averted and 12.6 million life years gained. The bottom income quintile would gain three times more life years gains than the top quintile (ratio 3:1), and the largest gain for the most deprived would occur in the South (ratio 19:1), the region with the highest poverty incidence. Costs averted and additional tax revenues would reach 44.6 and 16.2 billion pesos, respectively. Moreover, 251 thousand individuals would avoid falling into poverty, including 53.2 in the lowest income quintile, and 563.9 thousand would avoid catastrophic health expenditures. Overall, the bottom income group would obtain 26% of the life years gained and 24% of the cost averted, while only paying 3% of the additional tax revenue. CONCLUSIONS: The most significant gains from a substantial cigarette price increase would be for the poorest 20%, especially in the South, the most impoverished region of Mexico. Therefore, tobacco taxes are an opportunity for governments to advance in equity and towards the achievement of sustainable development goals on non-communicable diseases. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available ...