Energetic molecular crystals are widely applied for military and civilian purposes, and molecular forcefields (FF) are indispensable for treating the microscopic issues therein. This article reviews the three types of molecular FFs that are applied widely for describing energetic crystals—classic FFs, consistent FFs, and reactive FFs (ReaxFF). The basic principle of each type of FF is briefed and compared, with the application introduced, predicting polymorph, morphology, thermodynamics, vibration spectra, thermal property, mechanics, and reactivity. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of these FFs are summarized, and some directions of future development are suggested.
Sand and dust storms (SDS) are global phenomena that significantly impact the socio-economy, human health, and the environment. The characterization of SDS intensity is a fundamental aspect of SDS issues and studies. In this study, a sand and dust storms index (SDSI) is developed to characterize SDS intensity by addressing the potential impacts of sand and dust storms on sensitive elements. Compared with other indices, SDSI includes four SDS-related components: SDS frequency, SDS visibility, SDS duration, and SDS wind speed. Using SDSI, this study characterizes the SDS intensity in the Three-North Forest Shelterbelt Program (TNFSP) region of China. The SDSI results show that high values of SDSI are mostly concentrated in southern Xinjiang, western and central Inner Mongolia, western and central Gansu, and northern Ningxia. By analyzing the SDSI components, over half of the stations experienced sand and dust storms no more than once per year on average. Most of the SDS events reduced horizontal visibility to less than 500 m, one-third of SDS events last more than two hours, and the wind speed of over half of the SDS events varied between 10&ndash ; 17 m/s. In comparison with SDS frequency, SDSI performs better in reflecting the spatial and temporal variation of SDS events. Therefore, instead of SDS frequency, SDSI can be applied to studies relevant to SDS intensity. Finally, five major SDS transportation routes were identified based on the surface prevailing wind direction, SDSI, and the existing literature. The SDS routes, combined with SDSI, could help governments and policy-makers cooperate on a regional level to combat SDS events more effectively.
Abstract This paper delves into the discourse and practice of "lying flat" (tang ping) among Chinese youths. It offers a comprehensive analysis of their collective resistance against the overwork and the competitive pressures in their career. From the perspectives of cultural, economic, and social capital, the "lying flat" among contemporary Chinese youths could be divided into three modes. The first mode, referred to as the fire mode (Financial Independence, Retire Early movement), predominantly represents the elite youths, who have ample cultural, economic, and social capital, and actively express ideas of "lying flat" online. Meanwhile, they strategize a plan for fire. However, their dreams are blocked by competition in the workplace. The second mode is the lifestyle of neet youth, which is primarily a semi-autonomous choice made by urban youths with family resources. neet youths find themselves unable to meet the requirements of the fast-paced, high-demand post-industrial career. Thus, they choose to stay at home, which known as "gnaw the old" (ken lao). Although they may not orally express ''lying flat", they actually practice it. The third mode, known as the "Sanhe Gods" (san he da shen) type, corresponds to the daily laborers. These young individuals who are migrating from rural areas to urban, lack resources and hope for the future. Systemically marginalized by the urban areas, they are typically the grassroots class in society and take "lying flat" as a way of resistance. In summary, the discourse and practice of "lying flat" hold multifaceted significance. On one hand, it serves as a counterpoint to the work ethics supported by neoliberalism. Diverse forms of "lying flat" are social-stratified responses to oppose the intense competition in modern work environments. On the other hand, the stratification of "lying flat" practices mirrors the younger generation's struggle against the imbalances of the social structure. It reflects their actions against inequality through refusal and non-cooperation toward current work ethics, fostering the emergence of new work ethics and a new paradigm of social integration.
The emergence of new media and technology affects people's perception. The film-spectacle movie is not only a movie, it is also an entertaining show, a continuous intellectual game, and preliminary advertising. KAe article considers the film-spectacle as a set of cultural phenomena.
China is the world&rsquo ; s largest emitter of CO2. As the largest sector of China&rsquo ; s fossil energy consumption and carbon emissions, manufacturing plays an important role in achieving emission reduction targets in China. Using the extended logarithmic mean division index (LMDI) decomposition model, this paper decomposed the factors that affect the CO2 emissions of China&rsquo ; s manufacturing industry into eight effects. The results show the following: (1) China&rsquo ; s manufacturing CO2 emissions increased from 1.91 billion tons in 1995 to 6.25 billion tons in 2015, with an average annual growth rate of 6%. Ferrous metal smelting and rolling were the largest sources of carbon dioxide emissions, followed by chemical raw materials and products and then non-metallic minerals. (2) During the research period, the industrial activity effects were the most important factor leading to increased CO2 emissions in manufacturing and energy intensity was the most important factor in promoting the reduction of CO2 emissions from manufacturing. The investment intensity was the second most influential factor leading to the increase in China&rsquo ; s manufacturing CO2 emissions after the industrial scale and this even exceeded the industrial activity effect in some time periods (2000&ndash ; 2005). R& ; D efficiency and R& ; D intensity were shown to have significant roles in reducing CO2 emissions in China&rsquo ; s manufacturing industry. The input of R& ; D innovation factors is an effective way to achieve emission reductions in China&rsquo ; s manufacturing industry. (3) There were differences in the driving factors of CO2 emissions in the manufacturing industry in different periods that were closely related to the international and domestic economic development environment and the relevant policies of the Chinese government regarding energy conservation and emission reduction. (4) Sub-sector research found that the factors that affect the reduction of CO2 emissions in various industries appear to be differentiated. This paper has important policy significance to allow the Chinese government to implement effective energy-saving and emission reduction measures and to reduce CO2 emissions from the manufacturing industry.
Birth order is correlated with male sexual orientation, but the reason(s) for this relationship is unclear. In the present study, data from a Canadian sample of homosexual and heterosexual men (N=604) were used to present evidence of two independent birth order interactions – one with height and the other with parental age – predicting sexual orientation in men. If these findings prove reliable, it raises the possibility that different aetiological factors underlie the birth order/sexual orientation relationship in men.
AbstractSemiconductors are an important electronic component and play a central role in many industrial fields, whose production system is spread all over the world, involving trade in many raw materials, mechanical equipment, and finished products. Comprehending a broad global production picture of the semiconductor industry can be an arduous task. To tackle this complexity, the social network analysis method was used to capture the flows of products between economies in the semiconductor industrial chain. This study analyzed the evolution of the trade pattern of four key commodities in the semiconductor industrial chain, with a focus on identifying the status of major economies in the global semiconductor trade system. Additionally, the influencing factors of the formation of the trade networks were explored by using the Exponential Random Graph Model. The results showed that: (1) From 2001 to 2019, the import and export trade pattern of four key commodities in the semiconductor industrial chain has shown the characteristics of "rising in the east and decreasing in the west", but the change range shows strong commodity heterogeneity, the change of the spatial pattern of integrated circuits trade is the most significant, and the integrated circuits trade proportion of Asian economies has increased hugely with more than 80%. (2) The trade connectivity of various commodities in the semiconductor industrial chain has increased, upstream support products with high technical requirements such as wafers and equipment have the lowest average degree and weak trade liquidity, and the average degree of trade network of packaging materials and integrated circuits is relatively high, with strong trade liquidity and closer and more prosperous trade connections. (3) From 2001 to 2019, the "core-periphery" system of global semiconductor industry trade has changed significantly, with the core circle undergoing obvious iterative reorganization. for example, China and Singapore have achieved status improvement to the core circle in the base materials trade network, while Malaysia has been squeezed into the semi-peripheral circle. (4) The formation of trade networks of various commodities in the semiconductor industrial chain was driven by three aspects: network self-organization, exogenous endowment attribute, and exogenous network embeddedness. Among them, the influence of the technological innovation level of economies on different commodity trade networks showed heterogeneous.
