Suchergebnisse

Following China entered the World Trade Organisation in November 2001, attention has been paid worldwide to the current Chinese legal system, political policies, and the development of economic reform. Recent debates on corporate governance in China have become a global topic of interest. The corporate governance reform is now the centre of the enterprise reform. This paper evaluates the development of corporate governance reform in China and identifies its changes in legislation on corporate control. This paper provides evidence to show that China has been making significant progress in the development of corporate governance reform. It concludes that China has established a fundamental legal framework for corporate governance. The changes in regulations on corporate control indicate that the development of a more sophisticated corporate governance system is under way. However, corporate governance reform in China is still at an early stage of development. The existing problems are still significant. Laws and legal institutions have experienced difficulties keeping up with the changes that have been taking place in China. The rights of selecting management of state‐owned enterprise still remain in the hands of the state. The reform of the banking system lags behind the development of the market economy and state‐owned banks are still under government's control. The paper argues that in Chinese context as far as the rights of selecting management remain in state's hand, the independent board of directors will have less power to achieve the goals in corporate control. Thus the agency problems will not be solved, and it is very difficult to excise and protect minority shareholders' interest. In today's Chinese market the corporate governance cannot provide the protection of minority investors' interests. This paper also argues that it is very dangerous for individual investors to invest in the Chinese market and they have to bear higher risks. This paper suggests that increasing the Sophistication of the corporate governance system of both internal and external control is the key for the Chinese market. This is because the Chinese context is very complicated. There are so many regulations and laws applied in business practice. Different companies and enterprises apply different laws. This paper points out when a national corporate governance system is established it should serve the whole economic market. Thus the further reform of state‐owned enterprises and also the banking system should take place so that China can build up a real economic market structure according to international regulations. This paper also suggests that in the long‐term, building up a cultural background for applying corporate governance system is very important in Chinese society. Improving the culture in the social environment could help to improve the corporate governance in business practices.

At the end of the 19th century, South Asia subcontinent was ruled by British Empire. After the Mutiny in 1857, British India Islamic nationalism appeared among British Indian Muslims. In this social context, the Muslims in the United Province which located in northern India grew the United Province to be a strong political vanguard. The Muslims in the United Province carried out political activities positively, established political parties, and disseminated their political ideology around the whole British India. At last, the Muslims in the United Province united most of Muslims in British India to fight for their rights.

The divide and rule policy adopted by the British India government, which had drive the British India society from religious complexity and social conflicted into even worse. With sectarian conflict in the British India and the invasion from the United Kingdom, Sir Syed Ahmad Khan's initial reaction was to appeal solidarity and struggle for the independence of whole British Indian people. However, with the evolution of a series of events, Sir Syed Ahmad Khan had abandoned the original intention gradually, and had played a vital role in promoted the British India Islamic Nationalism among the British India Muslims eventually.

Structural balance theory assumes triads in networks to gravitate toward stable configurations. The theory has been verified for undirected graphs. Since real-world social networks are often directed, we introduce a novel method for considering both transitivity and sign consistency for calculating balance in signed digraphs. We test our approach on graphs that we constructed by using different methods for identifying edge signs: natural language processing to infer signs from underlying text data, and self-reported survey data. Our results show that for various social contexts and edge sign detection methods, balance is moderately high, ranging from 61% to 96%. This paper makes three contributions: First, we extend the theory of structural balance to include signed digraphs where both transitivity and sign consistency are required and considered for calculating balance in triads with signed and directed edges. This improves the modeling of communication networks and other organizational networks where ties might be directed. Second, we show how to construct and analyze email networks from unstructured text data, using natural language processing methods to infer two different types of edge signs from emails authored by nodes. Third, we empirically assess balance in two different and contemporary contexts, namely remote communication in two business organizations, and team-based interactions in a virtual environment. We find empirical evidence in support of structural balance theory across these contexts.