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Heat stress has been a longstanding hazard for workers across many industries. Climate change creates new environmental issues for the workplace. Cal/OSHA is preparing a draft standard to minimize heat-related illness and injury among indoor workers. Indoor heat stress could lead to morbidity and mortality of workers as well as economic burdens and impacted productivity to industries. The goal of this research was to identify the existing literature (standards/guidelines and research articles) and discuss if there were sufficient research data available to implement an indoor workplace heat stress prevention standard in California. Existing national and local enforceable standards and recommended guidelines have been collected. Each standard/guideline was evaluated with the metrics of the originating agency, workplace coverage (indoor/outdoor), year established, measurements, and control methods. A comprehensive search of Pubmed and SciFinder databases was conducted for evidence of measurements and control methods to identify, classify, and evaluate them. In conclusion , a Cal/OSHA standard is feasible because the scientific database is adequate. Weather it is practical depends on cost, ease of field management, stake-holder buy-in, and factors outside of the scientific arena. An indoor heat standard should cover all indoor workplaces. American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) provided the most accurate and precise measurement method, however, required a Wet Bulb Globe Temperature device and several steps to make determination. The control hierarchy with an emphasize on engineering controls should be implemented at all hot workplace. Administrative controls, such as training, work-rest schedule, hydration, and acclimatization, are bottom lines if engineering controls are not feasible. Cooling vest is effective in preventing heat accumulation, however, may not fit other personal protective equipment. Future studies should focus on effectiveness evaluation of existing standards, cost-benefit of measurement and control methods and identification of impacted industries.

Temperature is an important factor affecting the changes in the amount of gas exchanged between eggs and the surrounding during storage. The effect of temperature changes on the release of carbon dioxide (CO2) from eggs was studied using eggs from the same breed. The experimental samples were divided into three groups, and placed in a storage box at 4, 25, or 35°C with 65% relative humidity for 20 days, and a breathalyser was used to measure the amount of CO2 released by the eggs. The FLUENT software was used to simulate the diffusion at different temperatures. The conclusion from the present work was that as the temperature decreased, the amount and speed of CO2 released by the eggs also decreased. The simulation results show that the diffusion of CO2 released by egg respiration can be divided into the following sequential stages: initial, descending, mixing, and turbulence. When the storage temperature was 4°C, the CO2 cloud of eggs was the lowest, followed by 35°C, and finally 25°C. The results show that the direction of gas diffusion was mainly affected by temperature, diffusion volume, and diffusion velocity, and that temperature mainly affected vertical gas diffusion. The present work thus provides a theoretical basis for egg respiration related research.

BACKGROUND: Emergency medical service system (EMSS) is essential in providing acute care services for health conditions. However, trends of emergency and acute care in China haven't been studied systematically. METHODS: Relevant literature was carefully reviewed, including original and review articles, letters, government reports, yearbooks, both in Chinese and in English. Data on the number of emergency visits, physicians and beds in emergency departments (EDs), and the workforce of pre-hospital emergency care were summarized and analyzed from China Health and Family Planning Statistical Yearbooks (2006–2018). RESULTS: Over the past decade, the number of ED visits tripled from 51.9 million to 166.5 million; and utilization of pre-hospital emergency care increased from 3.2 million to 6.8 million. In response to rapid increases in demand, the number of licensed emergency physicians raised from 20,058 to 59,409; the beds' number increased from 10,783 to 42,367. For pre-hospital emergency care, the volume of health workforce increased from 3,687 to 8,671, with a 109% increase in the number of physicians from 1,774 to 3,712. However, overcrowding, the long length of stay in EDs, poor work environment, and work exhaustion were still the critical challenges faced by China's EMSS. CONCLUSIONS: The number of emergency visits has grown with continual capability enhancement during the past decade. However, overcrowding, the long length of stay in EDs, poor work environment, and work exhaustion still need to be solved by China's EMSS. These findings and comparison with the USA could offer experiences and lessons to EMSS development worldwide, especially for developing countries.

This study tests the causal relationship between financial development and economic growth in China applying the bootstrap rolling-window approach. The results show that economic growth has positive effects on financial development and that financial development exerts negative effects on economic growth. Economic growth promotes financial development, indicating the existence of a "demand-following" link. For a developing and repressed economy, it is critical to establish well-developed financial systems, particularly with sound financial intermediation and a liberalised interest rate, all of which promote financial innovation and improvement. It should be noted that a rational and steady relationship between financial development and economic growth is essential for China's economic prosperity. (CIJ/GIGA)