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The financial crisis is a phenomenon affecting monetary and fiscal policy significantly influences on the real economy, including the functioning of the enterprises (Stawska 2012: 229). In the response to the first symptoms of recession, the decisions of the monetary authorities regarding, inter alia, changes in interest rates have often been distorted by negative information about the state of the economy and its prospects, to such an extent that monetary policy impulse to the real economy was considerably weakened. The financial crisis that emerged in mid-2007, mainly in the economies of the industrialized countries, which began on the subprime credits market is an example of recession, in which the impact of decision of the economic authorities on the real economy was very difficult. As a result of perturbations in the mortgage market many financial institutions particularly in the United States and Great Britain had serious solvency problems. In order to avoid paralysis of the banking sector from the Great Depression times, it was decided to use the tools of economic policy to in part prevent the situation of the financing constraints of the real sector of the economy by banks. Central banks sought to protect the liquidity of the banking sectors and to provide the money to economies at the lowest possible cost. During the financial crisis were introduced an unprecedented policy changes refinancing of central banks and at the same time were lowered interest rates. The result of these actions was a substantial increase in the money supply (Taylor, 2010, pp. 7 - 79). At that time, has also seen an increase in the expansionary fiscal policy. The aim of the paper is to present the anti-crisis measures of the central bank and the government affecting the functioning of enterprises in Poland in response to the financial crisis in the context of coordination of monetary and fiscal policy. Article verifies the hypothesis that the common anti-crisis actions of the economic authorities had a significant impact on the functioning of enterprises on which has greatly influenced higher degree of coordination of monetary and fiscal policy. To verify the hypothesis used the following research methods: a review of the scientific literature, statistical reports and graphical presentation of economic phenomena. ; The aim of the paper is to present the impact of the Central Bank of Poland and the Government anti-crisis actions on functioning of enterprises in Poland in response to the financial crisis. Article verifies the hypothesis that the common anti-crisis actions of economic authorities had a significant impact on the functioning of enterprises on which greatly has influenced higher degree of coordination of monetary and fiscal policy. To verify the hypothesis were used the following research methods: a review of the scientific literature, statistical reports and graphical presentation of economic phenomena. Coordination of monetary and fiscal policy had a significant impact on the functioning of enterprises in Poland, resulting in reduction of the first negative symptoms of the financial crisis and in the finally to improve the financial situation of enterprises in the coming years. Coordination of policy mix took place during the recent financial crisis, which reached also to Poland. Economic authorities in order to avoid the consequences of this crisis, decided to take crisis measures that were redesigned to not only to achieve its main objectives, although primarily to prevent an economy from the effects of the upcoming financial crisis.

Brak stabilności finansowej to czynnik sprzyjający kryzysom finansowym rozumianym jako zaburzenia w funkcjonowaniu rynków finansowych. Ponadto sam kryzys finansowy może również przyczynić się do niestabilności finansowej. Kryzysy finansowe uwidaczniają istotność stabilności finansowej w gospodarce. W tym kontekście koordynacja polityki pieniężnej i fiskalnej staje się niezwykle ważna w okresach stabilności na rynkach finansowych, jednak w warunkach nadzwyczajnych, np. kryzysowych nabiera szczególnego znaczenia. Celem artykułu jest analiza decyzji podejmowanych przez władze gospodarcze w Polsce i ich konsekwencji dla stabilności systemu finansowego, szczególnie w wyjątkowych warunkach kryzysu finansowego. W opracowaniu wykorzystano następujące metody badawcze: przegląd literatury, statystyczne metody badawcze oraz metody graficznej prezentacji zjawisk. Z pewnością polityka pieniężna i fiskalna wspólnie oddziałują na kształtowanie się równowagi w gospodarce danego państwa. Stąd temat ten jest istotny chociażby ze względu na to, że wybór optymalnej kombinacji polityki pieniężnej i fiskalnej jest utrudniony z uwagi na odmienność celów i preferencji władz gospodarczych. Wydaje się, że kryzys finansowy i jego następstwa mogły przyczynić się do współpracy banku centralnego i rządu, co w rezultacie mogło korzystnie wpłynąć na poziom stabilności finansowej w Polsce.

CER Comparative European Research 2016 Proceedings | Research Track of the 6th Biannual CER Comparative European Research Conference International Scientific Conference for Ph.D. students of EU countries October 24-27, 2016 | London ; The article aims to identify dependencies between the central bank's interest rate and GDP dynamics in selected economies and to highlight the risks of a zero bound interest rate policy for an economy. The hypothesis that the main interest rates and GDP dynamics in the euro area, USA and Poland are statistically significantly related to each other was confirmed. The purpose of the article was accomplished using the following methods: a review of the scientific literature, the presentation of pertinent statistical data and statistical analysis. Its findings imply that although a low cost of money can stimulate a country's economy, prolonged periods of zero bound interest rates can be a threat to economic expansion.

Sborník příspěvků z mezinárodní vědecké konference MMK 2015 MEZINÁRODNÍ MASARYKOVA KONFERENCE PRO DOKTORANDY A MLADÉ VĚDECKÉ PRACOVNÍKY ročník VI, 14. – 18. prosince 2015 Hradec Králové, Česká republika ; The financial crisis started in 2008 has contributed to many changes in the conduct of monetary and fiscal policy in Poland and other EU countries. In many EU countries significant decline in economic growth and problems of public finance (debt growth countries) is noticeable as a result of the crisis. The aim of this article is to highlight the changes in public finances and economic growth in Poland, in the context of financial crisis. The article verifies the first hypothesis that monetary policy has impact on the fiscal policy and finally on economic growth in Poland; and the second hypothesis that during the financial crisis were noticed simultaneously worsening situation of public finances and economic growth.

Coordnation of both policies allows to avoid crisis situations having destibilizing effect on economy. Cooperation between central bank and government is quite difficult due to preclusive aims of fiscal and monetary policies. Financial crisis in 2008 had a profound impact on many changes in governance of monetary and fiscal policies in the euro area. It revealed significant economic decline and problems related to public finances (increase in debt obligations) in the euro area. In reaction to the crisis in the euro area, the monetary authorities introduced many changes. An increase in expansionary monetary policy speaks volumes about an attempt to utilize the transmission channel of the monetary policy to improve economy. This paper focuses on highliting the changes ocurred in monetary policy and fiscal policies that were the consequence of the financial crisis in the euro area. The article verifies the hypothesis that the increased level of the coordination of monetary policy and fiscal polices caused by the financial crisis contributed to deepening the crisis in its early stage in the euro area (in the period of 2008-2009). To verify the hypothesis the following research methods were used: review of scientific literature, statistical research methods and graphic presentation of economic events. ; The financial crisis started in 2008 has contributed to many changes in the conduct of monetary and fiscal policy in the euro area. In the euro area significant decline in economic growth and problems of public finance (debt growth countries) is noticeable as a result of the crisis The aim of this article is to highlight the changes in monetary and fiscal policy in the euro area, which emerged in the aftermath of the crisis. The article verifies the hypothesis that during the financial crisis the coordination of monetary policy and fiscal policy weakened the deepening of the crisis in its early stages in both the euro area.

Research background: The core of coordinating a monetary and fiscal policy (policy mix) is based on combining both policies to achieve goals related to price stability, as well as economic growth and employment. In turn, the decisions of economic authorities in the monetary-fiscal game have a significant impact on economic variables in the economy. In the economic literature, the importance of monetary and fiscal policy co- ordination is emphasized as it has a positive effect on the stability of the economy. Purpose of the article: The aim of the article is to identify the dependencies between variables in the scope of fiscal policy and monetary policy under existing economic conditions and then assess their impact on the economy in the EU countries. Methods: To achieve this objective, the following research methods were used: a review of the scientific literature, a presentation of statistical data, and statistical research methods. Findings & Value added: The rationale for adopting such issues is to examine the im- pact of the financial crisis on the decisions of central banks and governments in the EU. The financial crisis has affected a change in the approach to conducting mone- tary and fiscal policy. The changing economic conditions forced economic authorities to take many decisions that affected the interaction between the central bank and the governments in the EU Member States. In many EU countries in the discussed period, there were significant interdependencies between variables in both monetary and fiscal policy.

The central bank and the government are pursuing different goals so finding the best mix of monetary and fiscal policies is not easy. At the same time, the decisions the two authorities make during the fiscal‑monetary game exert a strong influence on economic variables. This article focuses on the level of revenues and expenditures of the public finance sector, economic growth and the unemployment rate in Poland in the years 2000–2016. Its aim is to present the level of fiscality and the rates of economic growth and unemployment in the context of monetary and fiscal decisions made by the economic authorities. To this end, the following research methods are employed: statistical analysis methods and graphical presentations of economic developments. As found, in the years 2000–2016 in Poland the general government deficit and the rate of GDP growth influenced the unemployment rate that in turn determined the expenditures of the public finance sector. This research is original in that the changes in fiscality, the rate of unemployment and the dynamics of GDP are studied with respect to interactions between the monetary and fiscal authorities, including factors influencing their decisions, particularly those arising from the last financial crisis.

CER Comparative European Research 2016 Proceedings | Research Track of the 5th Biannual CER Comparative European Research Conference International Scientific Conference for Ph.D. students of EU countries October 28-31, 2016 | London Proceedings document published in collaboration with SCIEMCEE - Scientific Conference Platform. The proceedings with all papers are available at www.sciemcee.org. ; The purpose of this article is to point out the importance of the size of public debt and deficit in the context of Keynesian and non-Keynesian effects of fiscal policy limit. To achieve this objective primarily were used methods of analysis of the available literature and presentation of statistical data. Considerations include, among others, the presentation of public debt and deficit in the context of economic growth. Expansionary fiscal policy often caused by economic fluctuations contributes to the deepening of public finance imbalance with frequent decline in GDP growth. The restrictive policy influences on improving the situation of the public finance sector in the long-term with at least moderate economic growth.

The study presents the impact of monetary-fiscal policy mix on economic growth, mainly for the investments of euro area in financial crisis. Fiscal policy and monetary policy play an important role in the economy, influencing each other and on a number of economic variables as well. In the face of the recent financial crisis, which turned into a debt crisis, fiscal and monetary authorities have been working together to revive economic activity. There was a significant economic impact on the level of government investments. The central bank kept interest rates at very low levels and used nonstandard instruments of monetary policy. Fiscal authorities have increased government spending to stimulate investment and economic recovery. The paper concludes that the management of the fiscal and monetary authorities in a crisis situation has been modified compared to the period before the crisis, when the coordination of these policies was clearly weaker. DOI: https://doi.org/10.15544/ssaf.2012.32

The central bank and the government are pursuing different goals so finding the best mix of monetary and fiscal policies is not easy. At the same time, the decisions the two authorities make during the fiscal‑monetary game exert a strong influence on economic variables. This article focuses on the level of revenues and expenditures of the public finance sector, economic growth and the unemployment rate in Poland in the years 2000–2016. Its aim is to present the level of fiscality and the rates of economic growth and unemployment in the context of monetary and fiscal decisions made by the economic authorities. To this end, the following research methods are employed: statistical analysis methods and graphical presentations of economic developments. As found, in the years 2000–2016 in Poland the general government deficit and the rate of GDP growth influenced the unemployment rate that in turn determined the expenditures of the public finance sector. This research is original in that the changes in fiscality, the rate of unemployment and the dynamics of GDP are studied with respect to interactions between the monetary and fiscal authorities, including factors influencing their decisions, particularly those arising from the last financial crisis. ; Z jednej strony odmienne cele stojące przed bankiem centralnym i rządem nie ułatwiają prowadzenia optymalnej polityki pieniężnej i fiskalnej, z drugiej zaś decyzje podejmowane w grze monetarno‑fiskalnej władz gospodarczych w sposób istotny oddziałują na zmienne ekonomiczne w gospodarce. Stąd w zależności od przyjętych strategii banku centralnego i rządu kształtują się zmienne ekonomiczne w danej gospodarce. W niniejszym artykule szczególną uwagę zwrócono na poziom dochodów i wydatków sektora finansów publicznych, wzrost gospodarczy i stopę bezrobocia w Polsce w latach 2000–2016. Celem artykułu jest próba przedstawienia poziomu fiskalizmu w polskiej gospodarce oraz stopy wzrostu gospodarczego i bezrobocia w kontekście monetarno‑fiskalnych decyzji władz gospodarczych. Do osiągnięcia postawionego celu wykorzystano statystyczne metody badawcze oraz metody graficznej prezentacji zjawisk gospodarczych. W rezultacie zauważono, że na stopę bezrobocia oddziałuje deficyt instytucji rządowych i samorządowych oraz dynamika PKB. Poza tym dostrzeżono, że stopa bezrobocia wpływa na wydatki sektora finansów publicznych. Oryginalność badania przeprowadzonego w niniejszym artykule polega na analizie zmian poziomu fiskalizmu, stopy bezrobocia i dynamiki PKB w polskiej gospodarce w latach 2000–2016, zachodzących w wyniku interakcji monetarno‑fiskalnych oraz czynników wpływających na decyzje władz gospodarczych, w szczególności związanych z kryzysem finansowym.

Research background: The core of coordinating a monetary and fiscal policy (policy mix) is based on combining both policies to achieve goals related to price stability, as well as economic growth and employment. In turn, the decisions of economic authorities in the monetary-fiscal game have a significant impact on economic variables in the economy. In the economic literature, the importance of monetary and fiscal policy coordination is emphasized as it has a positive effect on the stability of the economy. Purpose of the article: The aim of the article is to identify the dependencies between variables in the scope of fiscal policy and monetary policy under existing economic conditions and then assess their impact on the economy in the EU countries. Methods: To achieve this objective, the following research methods were used: a review of the scientific literature, a presentation of statistical data, and statistical research methods. Findings & Value added: The rationale for adopting such issues is to examine the impact of the financial crisis on the decisions of central banks and governments in the EU. The financial crisis has affected a change in the approach to conducting monetary and fiscal policy. The changing economic conditions forced economic authorities to take many decisions that affected the interaction between the central bank and the governments in the EU Member States. In many EU countries in the discussed period, there were significant interdependencies between variables in both monetary and fiscal policy. ; Istota koordynacji polityki pieniężnej oraz fiskalnej (policy mix) opiera się na takiej kombinacji tych dwóch polityk gospodarczych, aby możliwe było osiągnięcie celów dotyczących zarówno stabilności cen, jak i wzrostu gospodarczego oraz zatrudnienia. Z kolei decyzje podejmowane w grze monetarno – fiskalnej władz gospodarczych w sposób istotny oddziałują na zmienne ekonomiczne w gospodarce. W literaturze ekonomii podkreśla się istotność koordynacji polityki monetarnej i fiskalnej co pozytywnie oddziałuje na stabilność gospodarki. Celem artykułu jest identyfikacja zależności pomiędzy zmiennymi z zakresu polityki fiskalnej i polityki monetarnej w istniejących warunkach ekonomicznych a następnie ich wpływ na gospodarkę w krajach UE. Do osiągnięcia postawionego celu wykorzystano następujące metody badawcze: przegląd literatury naukowej, prezentację danych statystycznych oraz statystyczne metody badawcze. Uzasadnieniem podjęcia danej tematyki jest zbadanie wpływu ostatniego kryzysu finansowo-gospodarczego na decyzje banków centralnych i rządów w krajach UE. Kryzys finansowy wpłynął na zmianę podejścia do prowadzenia polityki pieniężnej i fiskalnej. Zmieniające się warunki gospodarcze wymusiły podejmowanie wielu decyzji przez władze gospodarcze, które wpłynęły na interakcje pomiędzy bankiem centralnym a rządem w krajach UE. W wielu krajach UE w omawianym okresie zanotowano istotne współzależności pomiędzy zmiennymi z zakresu polityki pieniężnej i fiskalnej.

Research background: The core of coordinating a monetary and fiscal policy (policy mix) is based on combining both policies to achieve goals related to price stability, as well as economic growth and employment. In turn, the decisions of economic authorities in the monetary-fiscal game have a significant impact on economic variables in the economy. In the economic literature, the importance of monetary and fiscal policy coordination is emphasized as it has a positive effect on the stability of the economy. Purpose of the article: The aim of the article is to identify the dependencies between variables in the scope of fiscal policy and monetary policy under existing economic conditions and then assess their impact on the economy in the EU countries. Methods: To achieve this objective, the following research methods were used: a review of the scientific literature, a presentation of statistical data, and statistical research methods. Findings & Value added: The rationale for adopting such issues is to examine the impact of the financial crisis on the decisions of central banks and governments in the EU. The financial crisis has affected a change in the approach to conducting monetary and fiscal policy. The changing economic conditions forced economic authorities to take many decisions that affected the interaction between the central bank and the governments in the EU Member States. In many EU countries in the discussed period, there were significant interdependencies between variables in both monetary and fiscal policy. ; Istota koordynacji polityki pieniężnej oraz fiskalnej (policy mix) opiera się na takiej kombinacji tych dwóch polityk gospodarczych, aby możliwe było osiągnięcie celów dotyczących zarówno stabilności cen, jak i wzrostu gospodarczego oraz zatrudnienia. Z kolei decyzje podejmowane w grze monetarno – fiskalnej władz gospodarczych w sposób istotny oddziałują na zmienne ekonomiczne w gospodarce. W literaturze ekonomii podkreśla się istotność koordynacji polityki monetarnej i fiskalnej co pozytywnie oddziałuje na stabilność gospodarki. Celem artykułu jest identyfikacja zależności pomiędzy zmiennymi z zakresu polityki fiskalnej i polityki monetarnej w istniejących warunkach ekonomicznych a następnie ich wpływ na gospodarkę w krajach UE. Do osiągnięcia postawionego celu wykorzystano następujące metody badawcze: przegląd literatury naukowej, prezentację danych statystycznych oraz statystyczne metody badawcze. Uzasadnieniem podjęcia danej tematyki jest zbadanie wpływu ostatniego kryzysu finansowo-gospodarczego na decyzje banków centralnych i rządów w krajach UE. Kryzys finansowy wpłynął na zmianę podejścia do prowadzenia polityki pieniężnej i fiskalnej. Zmieniające się warunki gospodarcze wymusiły podejmowanie wielu decyzji przez władze gospodarcze, które wpłynęły na interakcje pomiędzy bankiem centralnym a rządem w krajach UE. W wielu krajach UE w omawianym okresie zanotowano istotne współzależności pomiędzy zmiennymi z zakresu polityki pieniężnej i fiskalnej.