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'Dark' and 'Golden' Times. The Crimean Tatars under Tsarist and Soviet rule until 1941. Throughout the 19th century, many Crimean Tatars left the Crimea both of their own accord and under duress, and in the wake of World War II Stalin had the Crimean Tatars forcibly expelled (the so-called sürgün). In part because of this, Russian rule over the conquered Crimea and its Muslim population since annexation in 1783 and subsequent Soviet control have tended to be seen as a continuous history of violence. While it would be inappropriate to judge Russian-Crimean Tatar encounters solely from this perspective, the existence of mutual distrust on account of religious difference is undeniable. That said, since the beginning of their cohabitation on the peninsula at the end of the 18th century, these two ethnic groups have known periods of peace and mutual exchange, at least at the local level. Within this context, this article asks whether and to what extent the Muslim Tatar population was able to participate in politics, economics, society, and culture under the Tsarist Empire and during the early Soviet period up to 1941. It demonstrates how, while both systems legally granted the Tatars a range of opportunities for participation in local politics and in the routines of daily life, these legal rights were not always implemented. The article concludes that the distinction often made between 'bad' ('dark') Tsarist and 'good' ('golden') Soviet times is thus inappropriate. ; 'Dark' and 'Golden' Times. The Crimean Tatars under Tsarist and Soviet rule until 1941. Throughout the 19th century, many Crimean Tatars left the Crimea both of their own accord and under duress, and in the wake of World War II Stalin had the Crimean Tatars forcibly expelled (the so-called sürgün). In part because of this, Russian rule over the conquered Crimea and its Muslim population since annexation in 1783 and subsequent Soviet control have tended to be seen as a continuous history of violence. While it would be inappropriate to judge Russian-Crimean Tatar encounters solely from this perspective, the existence of mutual distrust on account of religious difference is undeniable. That said, since the beginning of their cohabitation on the peninsula at the end of the 18th century, these two ethnic groups have known periods of peace and mutual exchange, at least at the local level. Within this context, this article asks whether and to what extent the Muslim Tatar population was able to participate in politics, economics, society, and culture under the Tsarist Empire and during the early Soviet period up to 1941. It demonstrates how, while both systems legally granted the Tatars a range of opportunities for participation in local politics and in the routines of daily life, these legal rights were not always implemented. The article concludes that the distinction often made between 'bad' ('dark') Tsarist and 'good' ('golden') Soviet times is thus inappropriate.

Study of Russia's cooperation with Western European countries prior to World War I is of considerable importance to understand its economic condition. Investments of various types testify that Russia was a reliable partner capable both of absorbing those investments, and of using new advanced technologies. Cheap labor and policy of the government also contributed to high status of Russia as a country to invest in. Referring to archival materials, the author provides data on the amount of investments and the return thereon, and explains foreign investors' interest in certain spheres of Russia's economy. Additionally, the article focuses on the infrastructure of investment in Russia and abroad, the limitations and measures against adventurism and fraud introduced by the state. The author enumerates reasons for the foreign cultural and scientific presence, introduces data on expeditions and archaeological research. The historical and biographic aspect of investment process is based on information on businessmen's lives. Finally, the article presents a review of reports made at a Symposium on European investments into Russia and precursors of the World War I in Vienna (September, 2014) and describes urgent issues of the technological and sociocultural interaction in this research field. ; Изучение взаимодействия России и западноевропейских держав перед Первой мировой войной существенно дополняет представление о ее экономическом состоянии. Факты инвестирования разного характера свидетельствуют о высоком статусе России как надежного партнера в их освоении, вполне способного применять новые передовые технологии. Этому же способствовало наличие дешевой рабочей силы и политика государства. Конкретные данные о размере вложений и получаемых инвесторами дивидендах приводятся на основании архивных материалов. Выявляется логика обращения иностранцев к конкретным сферам российского хозяйства, определяются параметры оценки перспективности. Рассматривается инфраструктура инвестирования в России и за рубежом, фиксируются вводимые государством ограничения и меры против авантюризма и обмана. Конкретизируются сведения о культурных и научных целях иностранного присутствия, об организации экспедиций и археологических изысканиях. Автором рассматривается историко-биографический аспект процесса инвестирования, основаный на конкретных сведениях о жизни бизнесменов. Дается обзор докладов, прозвучавших на симпозиуме «Научные, технологические и финансовые инвестиции европейских государств в России и предвестники Первой мировой войны» (Вена, сентябрь 2014 г.), и обрисовываются актуальные проблемы технологического и социокультурного взаимодействия в исследовательском поле настоящего и будущего.