Raffael Beier, Amandine Spire & Marie Bridonneau (Eds.), Urban Resettlements in the Global South: Lived Experiences of Housing and Infrastructure Between Displacement and Relocation. Routledge, 2022, 223pp., £28.79. ISBN: 9780367644437.
Urban Planning is often touted as one of the key actions for achieving sustainable and resilient development, and it is seen as a key element for reducing disaster risks in urban areas. It is especially important for managing urban growth and increasing resilience in already built-up urban areas. However, urban planning is a complex process that depends on a number of integrated foundational elements for its functioning, including for example, politics, cadastral management, building control, a host of regulatory and legal mechanisms, financing and environmental management. Additionally, in order to reduce risks to natural and humanmade hazards, good information about potential hazards and existing vulnerabilities are needed. Most low- and middle-income countries struggle to have sufficient foundational systems in place to enable urban planning to address disaster risks, and this is also true across much of the Caribbean region. Yet, in the context of urban growth, land-scarcity, fragile ecosystems, increasing climate-related hazards and informal development, the Caribbean region requires increased attention across the foundational aspects that enable planning. This research addresses the complex and integrated nature of urban planning and looks at the different foundational aspects that urban planning requires to enable it to guide resilient development and reduce disaster risks. It proposes and employs a methodology for examining eight "Building Blocks" of urban planning and applies this to urban planning practices in nine Caribbean countries, to assesses how much disaster risk management is being integrated into planning across the Caribbean. The nine Caribbean countries are: Belize, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, St Lucia, St Maarten, and St Vincent.
Environmental changes have significant impacts on people's lives and livelihoods, particularly the urban poor and those living in informal settlements. In an effort to reduce urban residents' exposure to climate change and hazards such as natural disasters, resettlement programmes are becoming widespread across the Global South. While resettlement may reduce a region's future climate-related disaster risk, it often increases poverty and vulnerability, and can be used as a reason to evict people from areas undergoing redevelopment. A collaboration between the Bartlett Development Planning Unit at UCL, the Indian Institute for Human Settlements and the Latin American Social Science Faculty, Rethinking Urban Risk and Resettlement in the Global South collates the findings from 'Reducing Relocation Risks', a research project that studied urban areas across India, Uganda, Peru, Colombia and Mexico. The findings are augmented with chapters by researchers with many years of insight into resettlement, property rights and evictions, who offer cases from Monserrat, Cambodia, Philippines and elsewhere. The contributors collectively argue that the processes for making and implementing decisions play a large part in determining whether outcomes are socially just, and examine various value systems and strategies adopted by individuals versus authorities. Considering perceptions of risk, the volume offers a unique way to think about economic assessments in the context of resettlement and draws parallels between different country contexts to compare fully urbanised areas with those experiencing urban growth. It also provides an opportunity to re-think how disaster risk management can better address the accumulation of urban risks through urban planning.
Intro -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- Editors and Contributors -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Chapter 1 Environmental Justice and Resiliencein the Urban Global South: An Emerging Agenda -- 1.1 Exploring the Assumptions -- 1.2 The Resilience Turn -- 1.3 Planning for Urban Resilience -- 1.4 Justice as Analytical Lens -- 1.5 Structure of the Book -- References -- Part I The Institutional Governance of Resilience and Environmentally Just Practice -- Chapter 2 Top-Down, Bottom-Up and Beyond: Governance Perspectives on Urban Resilience and Environmental Justice in the People's Republic of China -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Dynamics of Environmental Policy-Making and Enforcement in Rizhao -- 2.2.1 Processes of Environmental Planning and Policy-Making -- 2.2.2 Enforcement of Environmental Plans and Policy -- 2.3 Rizhao: Urban Resilience and Environmental Justice -- 2.3.1 Influence of Governance Arrangements on Urban Resilience -- 2.3.2 Influence of Governance Arrangements on Environmental Justice -- 2.3.3 Relationships Between Urban Resilience and Environmental Justice -- 2.4 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 3 Planning for Mobility and Socio-Environmental Justice: The Case of Medellín, Colombia -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Defining Resilience and Environmental Justice in Relation to Transport Mobility -- 3.3 Medellín's Metrocables and Urban Upgrading: Redressing Imbalances -- 3.4 The Politics of Recognition -- 3.5 Parity Political Participation -- 3.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 4 Institutional Discourses on Urban Water Poverty, Considering the Example of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: Reconciling Justice and Resilience? -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 An Emerging Typology of Institutional Discourses -- 4.3 Dominant Discourses on Urban Water Poverty -- 4.4 Alternative Views on Urban Water Poverty
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Disasters are not natural. Natural events such as earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, etc. become disasters because of the fragile relations that exist between the natural, human and built environments. Sadly, major disasters will always occur in towns and cities in the developing world where resources are limited, people are vulnerable and needs are particularly great. The prevailing state of emergency challenges thoughtful and sustainable planning and construction. Yet it is possible, in theory and in practice, to construct them in a way that provides a sustainable environment and improved cond
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In: Pelling , M , Leck , H , Pasquini , L , Ajibade , I , Osuteye , E , Parnell , S , Lwasa , S , Johnson , C , Fraser , A , Barcena , A & Boubacar , S 2018 , ' Africa's urban adaptation transition under a 1.5° climate ' , Current opinion in environmental sustainability , vol. 31 , pp. 10-15 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2017.11.005
For cities in sub-Saharan Africa a 1.5 °C increase in global temperature will bring forward the urgency of meeting basic needs in sanitation, drinking water and land-tenure, and underlying governance weaknesses. The challenges of climate sensitive management are exacerbated by rapid population growth, deep and persistent poverty, a trend for resolving risk through relocation (often forced), and emerging new risks, often multi-hazard, for example heat stroke made worse by air pollution. Orienting risk management towards a developmental agenda can help. Transition is constrained by fragmented governance, donor priorities and inadequate monitoring of hazards, vulnerability and impacts. Opportunities arise where data and forecasting is present and through multi-level governance where civil society collaborates with city government.
In: Pelling , M , Leck , H , Pasquini , L , Ajibade , I , Osuteye , E , Parnell , S , Lwasa , S , Johnson , C , Fraser , A , Barcena , A & Boubacar , S 2018 , ' Africa's urban adaptation transition under a 1.5° climate ' , Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability , vol. 31 , pp. 10-15 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2017.11.005
For cities in sub-Saharan Africa a 1.5 °C increase in global temperature will bring forward the urgency of meeting basic needs in sanitation, drinking water and land-tenure, and underlying governance weaknesses. The challenges of climate sensitive management are exacerbated by rapid population growth, deep and persistent poverty, a trend for resolving risk through relocation (often forced), and emerging new risks, often multi-hazard, for example heat stroke made worse by air pollution. Orienting risk management towards a developmental agenda can help. Transition is constrained by fragmented governance, donor priorities and inadequate monitoring of hazards, vulnerability and impacts. Opportunities arise where data and forecasting is present and through multi-level governance where civil society collaborates with city government.
For cities in sub-Saharan Africa a 1.5 °C increase in global temperature will bring forward the urgency of meeting basic needs in sanitation, drinking water and land-tenure, and underlying governance weaknesses. The challenges of climate sensitive management are exacerbated by rapid population growth, deep and persistent poverty, a trend for resolving risk through relocation (often forced), and emerging new risks, often multi-hazard, for example heat stroke made worse by air pollution. Orienting risk management towards a developmental agenda can help. Transition is constrained by fragmented governance, donor priorities and inadequate monitoring of hazards, vulnerability and impacts. Opportunities arise where data and forecasting is present and through multi-level governance where civil society collaborates with city government.
Purpose Using risk-related data often require a significant amount of upfront work to collect, extract and transform data. In addition, the lack of a consistent data structure hinders the development of tools that can be used with more than one set of data. The purpose of this paper is to report on an effort to solve these problems through the development of extensible, internally consistent schemas for risk-related data.
Design/methodology/approach The consortia coordinated their efforts so the hazard, exposure and vulnerability schemas are compatible. Hazard data can be provided as either event footprints or stochastic catalogs. Exposure classes include buildings, infrastructure, agriculture, livestock, forestry and socio-economic data. The vulnerability component includes fragility and vulnerability functions and indicators for physical and social vulnerability. The schemas also provide the ability to define uncertainties and allow the scoring of vulnerability data for relevance and quality.
Findings As a proof of concept, the schemas were populated with data for Tanzania and with exposure data for several other countries.
Research limitations/implications The data schema and data exploration tool are open source and, if widely accepted, could become widely used by practitioners.
Practical implications A single set of hazard, exposure and vulnerability schemas will not fit all purposes. Tools will be needed to transform the data into other formats.
Originality/value This paper describes extensible, internally consistent, multi-hazard, exposure and vulnerability schemas that can be used to store disaster risk-related data and a data exploration tool that promotes data discovery and use.
