Suchergebnisse

Abstract
Our research purpose was to uncover perceived relationships between aspects of appearance (i.e., body, dress) and experiences of any form of victimization from the perspective of survivors. We addressed three research questions: (1) what connection, if any, did survivors draw between their appearance and their experience of victimization?; (2) what changes, if any, did survivors make to their appearance after their experience(s)?; and (3) what advice, if any, would survivors give to others on appearance as a result of their experience? Five women and three men completed interviews. Participants identified appearance cues as a stimulus evoking others' behaviours towards them. Both general appearance attributes and specific attributes were credited with eliciting negative behaviours. Experiences with victimization often occurred when the individual was attempting to move into a culture that was new to them. Most participants altered or made adjustments to their appearance as a result of their victimization experience.

This research provides a comprehensive descriptive content analysis of empirical research focused on muscularity and published in refereed journals from 2000 through 2019. This article presents the first part of a two-part series. In this part, the research aims were to characterize the research on muscularity with respect to the methods of inquiry and participant demographics. Specific research questions were: what methods of inquiry (e.g. research strategy, data analyses, sampling, use of hypotheses) describe this research? And what demographics describe the participants in this research? Multiple databases were searched to locate relevant research. This search resulted in 176 empirical articles published in English that contained 203 studies. The descriptive content analysis revealed that researchers primarily conducted cross-sectional research using survey methodology and intermediate levels of statistical analysis. Research questions/hypotheses were often absent. About three times as many males participated as females. Participants were primarily college students of White/Caucasian ethnicity selected through nonprobability sampling. Although age, body mass index, ethnicity and sexuality are the types of demographic information known to be related to muscularity, body satisfaction and the cultural ideal of beauty, they were often not reported.

The purpose of this research was to provide a comprehensive descriptive content analysis of empirical research focused on muscularity and published in refereed journals in 2000 through 2019. This is the second part of a two-part series in which the research aims were to characterize the research on muscularity with respect to the theories employed, the measures of muscularity utilized, the extent to which researchers reported reliability and validity for measures of muscularity used, and to report on the journals that publish this type of research and the disciplines these journals represent. We present an overview of relevant theories and how they can be applied to understanding muscularity. This presentation is followed by a discussion of measurements of muscularity. To locate studies multiple available databases were searched resulting in a sample of 176 empirical articles which collectively contained 203 studies. Most studies did not report using theoretical guidance. Of those researchers that did report theories, most used theories from the body image literature; the tripartite model was used most frequently. In 181 studies at least one measure of muscularity was used. The most frequently employed measure was the drive for muscularity scale. A plurality of studies reported their own assessment of reliability as well as others' reliabilities for the same measure. Most studies did not report validity for muscularity measures employed. Articles analysed came from a wide variety of journals primarily representing two major fields of inquiry: psychology and interdisciplinary.

Abstract
Within previous decades, opinions about pregnancy and post-partum behaviour featured in various news articles and within popular literature emphasized issues related to pregnancy and liquor; campaigns against teen pregnancy; pregnancy and weight gain; and pregnancy and dieting behaviour. Attention has shifted from these issues to appearance-related topics including rapid weight loss, exercise regiments and food restriction. For example, photographs of celebrities have provided visual evidence that women can gain weight during pregnancy, give birth and within weeks revert to a thin, pre-pregnant body size. A qualitative method was used to explore to what extent, if any, images of post-partum celebrity bodies influenced self-thoughts of non-celebrity post-partum mothers and their appearance management. A total of 35 women completed in-depth interviews. Viewing post-partum celebrity images stirred up emotions of jealousy, anxiety and frustration, often followed by statements of envy or justification. Most participants reported engaging in upward social comparison with images. However, most participants did not behave differently relative to their appearance management (i.e., dieting, exercise or dressing).

Abstract
Within the United States general attitudes towards gays and lesbians (GL) are rapidly undergoing change. Several researchers have previously documented that heterosexual consumers respond negatively to advertisements featuring same-sex couples. At this critical juncture, it is important to reexamine consumer response to fashion advertisements featuring GL images. Using a small qualitative study (n = 10) and an experiment (n = 202) our research purpose was to determine whether consumer attitude towards advertisements, brand attitude, brand distinctiveness and/or brand attractiveness varied based on the level of inclusiveness of GL images (i.e. GL-inclusive vs. non-inclusive). Results from the qualitative project demonstrated most participants responded positively to the advertisements featuring GL images although two participants were worried about unidentified 'negative' influences on the sexual orientation of heterosexual viewers. The inclusiveness level of GL images did not negatively influence attitude towards the advertisements or brand attitude. Rather, GL-inclusive advertising resulted in higher ratings of brand distinctiveness and attractiveness as compared to the non-inclusive advertising. Implications and limitations of this study as well as suggestions for future research are discussed.

Abstract
Consumer misbehaviour is non-normative behaviour in consumption situations and is a form of socially irresponsible behaviour motivated by self interest. Consumer misbehaviours have been widely reported on Black Friday (BF), the day after Thanksgiving in the US when retailers offer 'doorbuster' deals. Based on the exchange paradigm and the General Aggression Model (GAM), five hypotheses were developed and tested with structural equation modelling using data from BF shoppers (N=260). Results found that the presence of unpleasant fellow customers positively influenced perceptions of inequity, while crowding negatively influenced perceptions of inequity. Perceptions of crowding negatively affected consumer misbehaviour on BF, while the presence of unpleasant customers inflated consumer misbehaviour on BF. A positive relationship was found for perceptions of inequity on BF consumer misbehaviour. Both presence of unpleasant fellow customers and perceived crowding had significant indirect effects on BF consumer misbehaviour via perceptions of inequity. We show how BF misbehaviour is socially irresponsible and use a social responsibility framework to interpret results and suggest solutions that fairly balance the needs of all stakeholders.

Minnesota has become a "new destination" state for Latino migrants in the United States. What has made Latinos in Minnesota successful? In a narrower sense, what has provided them with a route out of poverty and an alternative to unemployment or discrimination in the labor market? Our purpose was to (a) compile characteristics associated with the Latino community and successful Latino-owned retail businesses in Minnesota, (b) identify unique problems encountered by Latino retail entrepreneurs, and (c) develop recommendations to overcome obstacles encountered. To meet our objectives, we employed two methods: a Delphi study with Latino community leaders and a case study with Latino retail entrepreneurs. Implications for Extension educators are discussed.

Machine generated contents note: -- Preface -- PART ONE: INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF DRESS -- 1. Why Study Dress? -- 2. Origins and Functions of Dress -- 3. Conducting Research on Dress -- PART TWO: PSYCHOLOGICAL/SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL PER-SPECTIVES ON DRESS -- 4. Dress and Social Cognition -- 5. Dress and Impression Formation -- 6. Dress and Physical Appearance -- 7. Dress and Body Image -- 8. Dress and Personality -- 9. Dress and the Self -- PART THREE: SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON DRESS -- 10. Dress and Identity -- 11. Dress and Socialization -- 12. Dress and Social Groups -- PART FOUR: ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON DRESS -- 13. Dress and Cultural Aesthetics -- 14. Dress and Cultural Rituals -- Glossary -- Index -- Credits