Suchergebnisse

Juega un papel fundamental: (1) una interdependencia mundial cada vez mayor que se traducirá en el aumento de la diversidad local, así como en conflictos más frecuentes e intensos, (2) el aumento de sistemas democráticos en el mundo, (3) la necesidad de emprendedores creativos y (4) la creciente importancia de las relaciones interpersonales que afectan al desarrollo de la identidad personal. Las herramientas para responder a estos desafíos incluyen el aprendizaje cooperativo. En este artículo se revisará la naturaleza del aprendizaje cooperativo, se discutirá la teoría de la interdependencia social que subyace, y se revisarán, brevemente, los resultados de la investigación sobre el aprendizaje cooperativo. ; The 21st century brings four important challenges in which cooperation plays a central role: (1) a rapidly increasing global interdependence that will result in increasing local diversity as well as more frequent and intense conflicts, (2) the increasing number of democracies throughout the world, (3) the need for creative entrepreneurs, and (4) the growing importance of interpersonal relationships that affect the development of personal identity. The tools for meeting these challenges include cooperative learning. In this article the nature of cooperative learning will be reviewed, the underlying theory of social interdependence will be discussed, and the results of the research on cooperative learning will be briefly reviewed. The way in which cooperative learning contributes to meeting the four challenges will then be discussed.

The purposes of political discourse include (1) clarifying citizens' understanding of the issue, (2) helping citizens reach their best reasoned judgment as to which course of action will solve a problem, (3) increasing citizen participation in the political process, & (4) socializing the next generation into the procedures & attitudes they need to be active citizens. A responsibility of psychology within a democratic society is to provide the theory, research, & normative procedures needed to make political discourse constructive. Constructive controversy provides a theory, validated by research that has been operationalized into a normative procedure. Constructive controversy exists when one person's ideas, information, conclusions, theories, & opinions are incompatible with those of another, & the two seek to reach an agreement. A political decision is reached through the following procedure. Citizens form advocacy groups & present the best case possible for the alternative course of action they prefer. An open discussion is held in which each citizen continues to advocate his or her position & tries to refute opposing positions & to rebut attacks on their position. Citizens then step back, try to view the issue from the other points of view, & then come to a joint decision based on the best-reasoned judgment of all citizens. The theorizing about & validating research provide an empirical base for political discourse & guidelines for conducting political campaigns. 4 Tables, 1 Figure, 73 References. Adapted from the source document.

Although creative controversy often occurs naturally within cooperative learning groups, it may be considerably enhanced when teachers structure academic controversies. This involves dividing a cooperative group into two pairs and assigning them opposing positions. The pairs then develop their position, present it to the other pair, listen to the opposing position, engage in a discussion in which they attempt to refute the other side and rebut attacks on their position, reverse perspectives and present the other position, and then drop all advocacy and seek a synthesis that takes both perspectives and positions into account. It is vital for citizens to seek reasoned judgment on the complex problems facing our society. Especially important is educating individuals to solve problems for which different points of view can plausibly be developed. To do so individuals must enter empathetically into the arguments of both sides of the issue and ensure that the strongest possible case is made for each side, and arrive at a synthesis based on rational thought. From units on the relative merits of coal or nuclear power in elementary classrooms to units on hazardous waste management within high school and college classes, individuals are learning how to use structured controversy to address the great questions of our (and previous) times and ensure that high quality solutions are found to complex problems.