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AbstractThe physiological benefits of vigorous exercise are well established. The existence of psychological benefits is less clear, however, due to methodological limitations common to investigatory studies. Two of these limitations are the difficulty of establishing appropriate control groups and the large variety of highly specific measures of psychological function available for consideration of effects. To address these limitations, we identified 63 pairs of monozygotic twins from the National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States who were discordant for the amount of vigorous exercise in which they engaged regularly. The twins who regularly engaged in vigorous exercise experienced greater positive psychological functioning than their nonexercising co-twins as measured by the latent factor representing the variance common to 8 measures of mood, optimism, control over life, and interpersonal aspects of personality. The magnitude of the difference was in excess of .4 standard deviations.

Working in competitive employment (employment in community settings with nondisabled peers for minimum wage or higher) has many positive benefits for people with disabilities who have individualized support needs (Johannesen, McGrew, Griss, & Born, 2007). Nonetheless, many of these individuals work in segregated settings or are unemployed entirely (National Disability Rights Network, 2011). The Family Employment Awareness Training (FEAT) in Kansas sought to increase expectations for competitive employment and knowledge about employment services, supports, and resources among people with disabilities who have individualized support needs, their families, and the professionals that support them to increase competitive employment outcomes. Our findings from this pilot study indicate that FEAT succeeded in raising expectations and knowledge among these individuals.

Frontmatter -- Contents -- Foreword -- Acknowledgments -- Timeline -- Part I -- 1 Early Days -- 2 Harlem and the Cotton Club -- 3 Moving Up -- 4 Show Biz -- 5 Joining the Party -- Part II -- 6 The Young Communist League -- 7 The War Years -- 8 Back Home -- 9 La Lucha Continua -- Part III -- 10 Starting Over -- 11 Malimwu -- 12 The Cotton Club Revisited -- 13 Martin Luther King Day in Hawaii -- 14 Paris to Texas and Home Again -- Notes -- Further Reading -- Map of Harlem Nightclubs in the 1930s and '40s -- Howard E. Johnson's Curriculum Vitae -- Index

AbstractTwin studies have demonstrated that personality traits show moderate genetic influence. The conclusions drawn from twin studies rely on the assumptions that twins are representative of the population at large and that monozygotic and dizygotic twins are comparable in every way that might have bearing on the traits being studied. To evaluate these assumptions, we used Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ) data from three samples drawn from the Minnesota Twin Registry (totaling 12,971 respondents) to examine the effect sizes associated with mean differences on the 11 MPQ scales and 3 higher-order MPQ factors for singletons versus twins and MZ twins versus DZ twins. The singletons in the samples were family members of the participating twins. We also used ratios of scale variances to examine the significance of variance differences. The only mean or variance difference replicated across all three samples was greater Social Closeness (about .1 standard deviation) for twins than for singletons. This difference was obtained for both males and females. It would appear that, with respect to personality, twins are not systematically different from other people. Our results also highlight the importance of replication in psychological research because each of our large samples showed differences not replicated in other samples.

IntroductionIn 2004, Mozambique, supported by large increases in international disease‐specific funding, initiated a national rapid scale‐up of antiretroviral treatment (ART) and HIV care through a vertical "Day Hospital" approach. Though this model showed substantial increases in people receiving treatment, it diverted scarce resources away from the primary health care (PHC) system. In 2005, the Ministry of Health (MOH) began an effort to use HIV/AIDS treatment and care resources as a means to strengthen their PHC system. The MOH worked closely with a number of NGOs to integrate HIV programs more effectively into existing public‐sector PHC services.Case DescriptionIn 2005, the Ministry of Health and Health Alliance International initiated an effort in two provinces to integrate ART into the existing primary health care system through health units distributed across 23 districts. Integration included: a) placing ART services in existing units; b) retraining existing workers; c) strengthening laboratories, testing, and referral linkages; e) expanding testing in TB wards; f) integrating HIV and antenatal services; and g) improving district‐level management. Discussion: By 2008, treatment was available in nearly 67 health facilities in 23 districts. Nearly 30,000 adults were on ART. Over 80,000 enrolled in the HIV/AIDS program. Loss to follow‐up from antenatal and TB testing to ART services has declined from 70% to less than 10% in many integrated sites. Average time from HIV testing to ART initiation is significantly faster and adherence to ART is better in smaller peripheral clinics than in vertical day hospitals. Integration has also improved other non‐HIV aspects of primary health care.ConclusionThe integration approach enables the public sector PHC system to test more patients for HIV, place more patients on ART more quickly and efficiently, reduce loss‐to‐follow‐up, and achieve greater geographic HIV care coverage compared to the vertical model. Through the integration process, HIV resources have been used to rehabilitate PHC infrastructure (including laboratories and pharmacies), strengthen supervision, fill workforce gaps, and improve patient flow between services and facilities in ways that can benefit all programs. Using aid resources to integrate and better link HIV care with existing services can strengthen wider PHC systems.

The Interplay of Genes and Environment across Multiple Studies (IGEMS) group is a consortium of eight longitudinal twin studies established to explore the nature of social context effects and gene-environment interplay in late-life functioning. The resulting analysis of the combined data from over 17,500 participants aged 25–102 at baseline (including nearly 2,600 monogygotic and 4,300 dizygotic twin pairs and over 1,700 family members) aims to understand why early life adversity, and social factors such as isolation and loneliness, are associated with diverse outcomes including mortality, physical functioning (health, functional ability), and psychological functioning (well-being, cognition), particularly in later life.

Frontmatter -- Contents -- Figures -- Foreword / Navarro, Vicente -- Acknowledgments -- Part I. Health Comrades in Context -- Chapter 1. Introduction: Health Comrades, Abroad and at Home / Birn, Anne-Emanuelle / Brown, Theodore M. -- Chapter 2. The Making of Health Internationalists / Brown, Theodore M. / Birn, Anne-Emanuelle -- Part II. Generation Born in the 1870s–1910s -- Chapter 3. The Perils of Unconstrained Enthusiasm: John Kingsbury, Soviet Public Health, and 1930s America / Gross Solomon, Susan -- Chapter 4. American Medical Support for Spanish Democracy, 1936–1938 / Lear, Walter J. -- Chapter 5. Medical McCarthyism and the Punishment of Internationalist Physicians in the United States / Brickman, Jane Pacht -- Part III. Generation Born in the 1920s–1930s -- Chapter 6. Contesting Racism and Innovating Community Health Centers: Approaches on Two Continents / Geiger, H. Jack -- Chapter 7. Barefoot in China, the Bronx, and Beyond / Sidel, Victor W. / Sidel, Ruth -- Chapter 8. Medical Internationalism and the "Last Epidemic" / Lown, Bernard -- Part IV. Generation Born in the 1940s–1960s -- Chapter 9. Social Medicine, at Home and Abroad / Waitzkin, Howard -- Chapter 10. Find the Best People and Support Them / Braveman, Paula -- Chapter 11. Cooperantes, Solidarity, and the Fight for Health in Mozambique / Gloyd, Stephen / Pfeiffer, James / Johnson, Wendy -- Chapter 12. From Harlem to Harare: Lessons in How Social Movements and Social Policy Change Health / Travis Bassett, Mary -- Part V. Generation Born in the 1960s–1970s -- Chapter 13. Brigadistas and Revolutionaries: Health and Social Justice in El Salvador / Terry, Michael / Turiano, Laura -- Chapter 14. Health and Human Rights in Latin America, and Beyond: A Lawyer's Experience with Public Health Internationalism / Yamin, Alicia Ely -- Chapter 15 History, Theory, and Praxis in Pacific Islands Health / Yamada, Seiji -- Chapter 16. Doctors for Global Health: Applying Liberation Medicine and Accompanying Communities in Their Struggles for Health and Social Justice / Lanford Smith, Lanny Clyde / Kasper, Jennifer / Holtz, Timothy H. -- Chapter 17. Doctors Across Blockades: American Medical Students in Cuba / Remen, Razel / Bondi-Boyd, Brea -- Part VI Conclusion -- Chapter 18 Across the Generations: Lessons from Health Internationalism / Birn, Anne-Emanuelle / Brown, Theodore M. -- Notes on Contributors -- Index