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Local growth controls are categorized as controlling either SC composition, growth location, or growth rate. Literature concerning the motives for adopting these controls is examined & 4 case studies are presented: 2 involving growth rate controls & 2 concerned with growth phasing (locational) controls. Data were gathered through interviews in 1974/75 of public officials, citizens group representatives, newspaper reporters, & agency personnel (N not given). Tax minimization & quality of services were found to be the chief motives for rate & location controls, followed by "environmental protection," often meaning view protection or preventing traffic increases. Agricultural protection was a major factor in two of the cases. No desire for economic exclusion or property value enhancement in the adoption of the controls was found. Modified HA.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to assess developments in the service literature over the last six years and to lay out some challenges and opportunities for the operations management academic community.Design/methodology/approachThe paper is based on issues raised in a previous paper and contains the results of a literature review and a content analysis of around 250 papers from three journals.FindingsThe paper suggests that there is a window of opportunity for operations academics to engage in the service arena and apply their knowledge and skills to answer fundamental questions in the areas of quality, productivity and efficiency, and to apply their expertise in business services and the not‐for‐profit and voluntary sectors.Research limitations/implicationsThis polemic reflects the biased opinions of the author.Originality/valueAssesses developments in the service literature.

Over the last 20 years we have witnessed the emergence of a large‐scale, world‐wide academic movement concerned with the management of services. This paper charts the role and impact of operations management on this movement and proposes that the current key focus for service academics should be with the application of frameworks and techniques. Also suggests that as the service movement has grown, with increasing overlap between the subjects of operations, marketing and HRM for example, there is a need to "return to roots". Contends that service academics, in their bid to develop cross‐functional service management material, may have lost, or inadvertently ignored, the strength of their core disciplines. Re‐focusing on the traditional strengths of operations management, such as performance quality, design, and operational improvement, might help provide a greater rigour to the developing subject of service management. Discusses nine areas for service operations research and suggests specific research questions. The topics include linking operational performance to business drivers, performance measurement and operations improvement, service design, service technology, the design of internal networks and managing service capacity.

A few years ago the concept of the employee as a customer was
treated as a novel breakthrough. Here the process has taken the ultimate
step of reversal and the customer as employee in service organisations
is seriously examined. The customer must be selected, trained, motivated
and even dismissed if necessary. As such he is no longer a passive
recipient of services, to be humoured at all times, but an active
participant on equal terms with the official staff, thus giving rise to
a new dimension – the design and management of the role of the
customer.

ABSTRACTLocal growth controls are categorized as controlling class composition, growth location, or growth rate. Literature concerning the motives for adopting these types of growth controls is examined. Four case studies are presented, two involving growth rate controls and two concerned with growth phasing (locational) controls. Our findings agree with earlier ones that tax minimization and quality of services are the chief motives for rate and location controls, followed by "environmental protection," often meaning view protection or preventing traffic increases. Agricultural protection was a major factor in two of the cases. We found no desires for economic exclusion or property value enhancement in the adoption of the controls. Questions remain, however, concerning the exclusionary effect of perpetuating rate controls.

America has a long tradition of middle-class radicalism, albeit one that intellectual orthodoxy has tended to obscure. The Radical Middle Class seeks to uncover the democratic, populist, and even anticapitalist legacy of the middle class. By examining in particular the independent small business sector or petite bourgeoisie, using Progressive Era Portland, Oregon, as a case study, Robert Johnston shows that class still matters in America. But it matters only if the politics and culture of the leading player in affairs of class, the middle class, is dramatically reconceived. Th

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