Suchergebnisse

Working with people convicted of extremist offences who have either offended, or are perceived to have offended, for ideological reasons − whether supportive of a political or religious identity or for the rights of animals − presents challenges to the supervising probation officer. Despite it being impossible for a service user to prove categorically that they are no longer supportive of ideological views that advocate harmful behaviour, there can still be an expectation from offender managers, MAPPAs, Parole Boards and offenders themselves, that evaluating enduring sympathies with harmful groups forms the main part of risk and offender management. How then can service users and probation staff work productively together, without an offender manager being excessively naive or collusive, or the offender receiving supervision reliant on disproportionate, and possibly counter-productive, levels of control?

Home heating and lighting markets have played crucial and underappreciated roles in driving energy transitions. When historians have studied the adoption of fossil fuels, they have often privileged industrial actors, markets, and technologies. My analysis of the factors that stimulated the adoption of anthracite coal and petroleum during the nineteenth century reveals that homes shaped how, when, and why Americans began to use fossil fuel energy. Moreover, a brief survey of other fossil fuel transitions shows that heating and lighting markets have been critical drivers in other times and places. Reassessing the historical patterns of energy transitions offers a revised understanding of the past for historians and suggests a new set of options for policymakers seeking to encourage the use of renewable energy in the future.

Introduces a special journal issue, "Global Dimensions of Moscow's Non-Proliferation Policies." Topics include the impact of Soviet & US development of verification technologies during the cold war & post-cold war cooperation, evolution of post-Soviet US-Russian cooperation on fissile materials management, Russian relations with Iran & North Korea, Russia's presidency of the G-8, & the future of the nonproliferation regime. Here, a historical overview of the Moscow-Washington "axis of nonproliferation" as central to the shaping of global & regional nonproliferation systems is presented. The negotiations & implementations of the 1987-1996 arms control treaties drew on seven contradictory legacies of the cold war arms race: regional regimes, expanded Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty coverage, recessed deterrents, economic relations, joint enforcement, advanced technology, & cooperation in weapons of mass destruction disposal. Attention is given to the "proliferation belt" of states from Israel to the Himalayas, North Korea & the Agreed Framework of 1994, & the five permanent members of the UN Security Council & their joining with the Moscow-Washington axis. It is argued that the importance of this axis hinges on whether a case can be made that an enduring result of the US-Soviet alliance system was the prevention of nuclear proliferation among nuclear-capable European & Asian-Pacific states. Mikhail Gorbachev is then credited with building the axis of nonproliferation; his legacy of ending the nuclear arms race, providing unprecedented stability in Europe, making possible the peaceful disintegration of the Soviet bloc & Soviet weapons industries, & fostering US-Russian cooperation on fissile materials safeguarding is noted. However, it is asserted that the Moscow-Washington axis of nonproliferation is fading & the likelihood of a new alliance forming appears dim given current circumstances. D. Edelman