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Improving EU and US Immigration Systems' Capacity for Responding to Global Challenges: Learning from experiences ; Immigration plays an important role in helping developed economies to maintain and improve their standards of living while their societies are aging. Developed economies are increasingly dependent upon highly skilled immigrants to provide scarce skills and boost innovation. They also rely on a broad range of low and middle skilled immigrants to perform work for which few native workers are available. These demands remain even in times of economic downturns, in particular the need to attract and retain the most talented immigrants. The aim of this paper is to outline how the EU and its member states approach the immigration-growth question. It examines the short and long term trends in how the immigration system supports economic growth and prosperity. The paper is organised into five parts and each provides a partial contribution to the question of how immigration contributes to the economic growth of the European Union. The first part outlines the theoretical framework for this study, which combines the national innovation systems approach with studies of the migration system, in order to get a better understanding of the relationship between immigration and economic development. The second aims to provide a general background to the question of how different migrant workers contribute to economic development. It explores, in particular, the differences between the contribution of immigrants at different skill levels1 and the way in which policy makers have responded to this in general. The third part focuses in on developments in the European Union and its member states. It studies the nature of the economic contribution expected of different types of migrant workers and which impacts are short term as opposed to long term. It also discusses the types of immigration which the EU member states have experienced in recent decades and how these trends have changed. The paper devotes special attention to (super) highly skilled immigrants because of their expected contribution to economic development and the performance of European innovation systems. It also highlights the difference between immigration from third countries and intra European migration as there are important differences in the nature of these flows and the extent to which national governments can influence them. The fourth part consists of the evaluation of policies and institutions, focusing on the features of the migration system which affect economic growth and competitiveness. More specifically, it discusses the extent to which the European innovation and migration systems succeed in selecting, attracting, absorbing, and retaining talented immigrants who contribute to economic development. The final part assesses the impact of the economic crisis on migration flows, policy responses and the role of immigrants in the economy in both the short and medium term. It argues that changed economic conditions and the policy measures taken in response have an impact on immigration flows in the short term. The economic restructuring which accompanies the downturn may lead to a jobless recovery and a changed demand for different types of migrants. In the medium and long term the need for, in particular, highly skilled migrant workers remain.

This report offers an analysis of the R&I system in The Netherlands for 2016, including relevant policies and funding, with a particular focus on topics of critical importance for EU policies. The report identifies the main challenges of the Dutch research and innovation system and assesses the policy responses implemented. It was prepared according to a set of guidelines for collecting and analysing a range of materials, including policy documents, statistics, evaluation reports and online publications.

Driven by European Union policy challenges, this cutting-edge book focuses upon the Regional Innovation Impact (RII) of universities, to analyse the socioeconomic impact that universities in Europe have on their hometowns, metropolitan areas and regions

AbstractChina's approach to developing a world-class science system includes a vigorous set of programmes to attract back Chinese researchers who have overseas training and work experience. No analysis is available to show the performance of these mobile researchers. This article attempts to close part of this gap. Using a novel bibliometric approach, we estimate the stocks of overseas Chinese and returnees from the perspective of their publication activities, albeit with some limitations. We show that the share of overseas Chinese scientists in the USA is considerably larger than that in the European Union. We also show that Chinese returnees publish higher impact work and continue to publish more and at the international level than domestic counterparts. Returnees not only tend to publish more, but they are instrumental in linking China into the global network. Indeed, returnees actively co-publish with researchers in their former host system, showing the importance of scientific social capital. Future research will examine the impact of length of stay, among other factors, on such impact and integration.

The rapid rise of international collaboration over the past three decades, demonstrated in coauthorship of scientific articles, raises the question of whether countries benefit from cooperative science and how this might be measured. We develop and compare measures to ask this question. For all source publications in 2013, we obtained from Elsevier national-level full and fractional paper counts as well as accompanying field-weighted citation counts. Then we collected information from Elsevier on the percent of all internationally coauthored papers for each country, as well as Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) measures of the international mobility of the scientific workforce in 2013, and conducted a principle component analysis that produced an openness index. We added data from the OECD on government budget allocation on research and development (GBARD) for 2011 to tie in the public spending that contributed to the 2013 output. We found that openness among advanced science systems is strongly correlated with impact—the more internationally engaged a nation is in terms of coauthorships and researcher mobility, the higher the impact of scientific work. The results have important implications for policy making around investment, as well as the flows of students, researchers, and technical workers.

AbstractScholars have long hypothesized that democratic forms of government are more compatible with scientific advancement. However, empirical analysis testing the democracy–science compatibility hypothesis remains underdeveloped. This article explores the effect of democratic governance on scientific performance using panel data on 124 countries between 2007–2017. We find evidence supporting the democracy–science hypothesis. Further, using both internal and external measures of complexity, we estimate the effects of complexity as a moderating factor between the democracy–science connection. The results show differential main effects of economic complexity, globalization, and international collaboration on scientific performance, as well as significant interaction effects that moderate the effect of democracy on scientific performance. The findings show the significance of democratic governance and complex systems in national scientific performance.