Suchergebnisse

Discarding of aquatic organisms is a global problem in the world's fisheries, where more than 7 million tonnes are caught and subsequently discarded each year. The understanding of what drives discarding can help provide mitigation measures in the future. Altering management measures which result in high discard rates/ratios may prove beneficial not only to the economic viability of the fishery but also to the biological functioning of the ecosystem. The present Ph.D. thesis, titled "Discarding Discards: Identification of influential factors and possible mitigation tools in demersal trawl fisheries", investigates discarding practices in demersal trawl fisheries and identifies possibilities for reducing discards. In focus, the factors that determine discards, including environmental factors, fishing methods, management regulations, and biological factors have been analysed. This includes an examination of the efficiency of technical regulations currently in force and retrospective analyses of the efficiency of such measures in the past. The thesis consists of a review and 4 papers. Paper I is an investigation of the factors that can potentially influence the discarding of commercial species in the Kattegat. Previous studies that have investigated the factors that influence discarding have typically focused on the discarded portion as a whole, without considering that discards above and below minimum landing size (MLS) occur for different reasons. The study documented that the factors influential to discarding were different for the two subgroups (under and over MLS) and also for the different species. Paper II focuses on discarding in the Baltic Sea cod (Gadus morhua) trawl fishery. Over the past 15 years extensive work has been conducted to improve the selectivity of the gears and subsequently reduce discards. This study investigated: i) the effects that technical measures, namely gear selectivity and minimum landing size (MLS), had on discards and; ii) a wide range of factors that can influence discards and may blur a potential effect of improved selectivity. The results showed that when gear regulations are implemented correctly they are an effective management measure. However, their effectiveness is influenced by a diverse range of factors that if unaccounted for may distort a potential effect of improved/hampered selectivity. Paper III compiles discard data from 11370 fishing events collected across seven European Union (EU) Member States for the North Sea over the period 2003-2010. Knowledge about the spatio-temporal nature of discards is imperative to researchers and regulators but is often lacking. Here we analysed the spatial and temporal distribution of cod discards throughout the entire North Sea together with the main driving factors behind its occurrence. We discuss how such information can be used to improve future fishing activities and their subsequent catch compositions under a discard ban. Paper IV describes the discarding of plaice (Pleuronectes platessa) in the North Sea. Plaice play an important role in the North Sea benthic ecosystem, being one of the most abundant flatfish species and one of the most important species for the fishery. Nevertheless, the plaice fishery in the North Sea is characterised by a high discard ratio, where approximately 50% (by weight) of plaice are discarded. Here we describe the general patterns in these data with particular focus on factors that could be important for management strategies in the future

The chapters in this book describe the current situation and changes that affect the health and well-being of different Indigenous populations around the world. They also highlight the adaptations and strengths of older people as they find ways to meet current challenges in their lives.

THIS ARTICLE EXAMINES WHETHER, SINCE THE LATE 1980S, ADVOCATES HAVE IN FACT BENEFITED FROM SOVIET REFORM OPPORTUNITIES BY BECOMING RELATIVELY AUTONOMOUS FROM STATE OFFICIALS, OR WHETHER THEIR RELATIONS ARE STILL STRONGLY INFLUENCED BY SOVIET-ERA LEGACIES. THE APPROACH USED IS TO EXPLAIN THE PROCESS OF ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE IN THE ADVOKATURA WHICH IS HISTORICAL INSTITUTIONALISM, A NEO-INSTITUTIONAL APPROACH THAT FOCUSES ON HOW INSTITUTIONS SHAPE ACTORS' GOALS AND STRATEGIES AND MEDIATE THEIR RELATIONS OF COOPERATION AND CONFLICT.

Every day, millions of employees watch their leaders sabotage themselves. They watch, they learn, and then they do it, too. Next thing you know, everyone's lost motivation, and nobody takes ownership. That's how organizations fail. This book will help you break the vicious cycle of self-handicapping leadership in your organization, stop the excuses, and unleash all the performance your team is capable of delivering. Phil and Jordan reveal how and why people handicap themselves even when they know better. Next, they offer real solutions from their own pioneering research and consulting. You'll find practical ways to strengthen accountability and self-awareness, recognize the "big picture," improve decision-making, deepen trust and engagement, develop talent, escape micromanagement, and focus relentlessly on outcomes

The last two decades have seen a rapid acceleration of research on personality development focusing on the periods of late adolescence and young adulthood. The findings paint a picture of surprising quiescence in adolescence followed by a period of tremendous growth and change in personality traits in young adulthood. The patterns and potential reasons for these changes are discussed in the context of the Neo-Socioanalytic model of personality and the theory of emerging adulthood. The potential for convergence and collaboration between the fields of personality development and emerging adulthood is discussed.

Political rhetoric surrounding Universal Health Care in the United States typically deals only with differences in political ideology. Research on symbolic racism, however, indicates that subtle racial prejudice may also predict attitudes toward policies like universal health care that are assumed to benefit racial minorities. This subtle racial prejudice hypothesis was supported across three studies conducted in the U.S. A measure of attitudes toward universal health care was found to be a reliable, single-dimension measure associated with political ideology (Pilot Study). Subtle racial prejudice (as measured by the Modern Racism Scale) predicted opposition to universal health care, even when statistically controlling for political ideology and attitudes toward the poor (Study 1). Moreover, reading about a Black individual (compared to a White individual) receiving universal health care benefits reduced support for universal health care, even when statistically controlling for political ideology and right-wing authoritarianism (Study 2). Being a person who takes advantage of the system (e.g., free rides) was a significant predictor of universal health care attitudes while race was not (Study 3). This work demonstrates that subtle racial prejudice plays a critical role in predicting universal health care attitudes among U.S. citizens, reflecting a long-standing history of associations between subtle racial prejudice and opposition to governmental assistance programs in the U.S.

Political rhetoric surrounding Universal Health Care in the United States typically deals only with differences in political ideology. Research on symbolic racism, however, indicates that subtle racial prejudice may also predict attitudes toward policies like universal health care that are assumed to benefit racial minorities. This subtle racial prejudice hypothesis was supported across three studies conducted in the U.S. A measure of attitudes toward universal health care was found to be a reliable, single-dimension measure associated with political ideology (Pilot Study). Subtle racial prejudice (as measured by the Modern Racism Scale) predicted opposition to universal health care, even when statistically controlling for political ideology and attitudes toward the poor (Study 1). Moreover, reading about a Black individual (compared to a White individual) receiving universal health care benefits reduced support for universal health care, even when statistically controlling for political ideology and right-wing authoritarianism (Study 2). Being a person who takes advantage of the system (e.g., free rides) was a significant predictor of universal health care attitudes while race was not (Study 3). This work demonstrates that subtle racial prejudice plays a critical role in predicting universal health care attitudes among U.S. citizens, reflecting a long-standing history of associations between subtle racial prejudice and opposition to governmental assistance programs in the U.S. ; peerReviewed ; publishedVersion