Suchergebnisse

Annual fish production in the Kyrgyz Republic (Kyrgyzstan) has fallen significantly since independence in 1991. In 1991, fish production (inland and aquaculture) was estimated at more than 1 361 tonnes. By 2006, it had decreased to 71 tonnes. In the same period, more than 90 percent of state fish farms were privatized as part of the economic changes that followed the breakup of the former Union of the Soviet Socialist Republics. In February 2007, the Government of Kyrgyzstan, through the Ministry of Agriculture, Water Resources and Processing Industry (MAWRPI), requested FAO to provide technical assistance for the sustainable development and management of the fishery sector in the country. FAO, through its European Community (EC)/FAO facility for consultancy services, approved Project GCP/GLO/162/EC – Kyrgyzstan – "Development of inland fisheries and aquaculture in the Kyrgyz Republic to reduce rural food insecurity". This FAO Fisheries Circular has two main aims. First, it is intended to inform those interested in fisheries and aquaculture in Kyrgyzstan about the current situation with regard to fishery resources and their utilization in the country. Second, it attempts to provide an example of a consultative and participatory policy framework development process, which might be of use also for other countries in transition in the Central Asian region.

Objective To investigate the associations between air pollution and mortality, focusing on associations below current European Union, United States, and World Health Organization standards and guidelines. Design Pooled analysis of eight cohorts. Setting Multicentre project Effects of Low-Level Air Pollution: A Study in Europe (ELAPSE) in six European countries. Participants 325 367 adults from the general population recruited mostly in the 1990s or 2000s with detailed lifestyle data. Stratified Cox proportional hazard models were used to analyse the associations between air pollution and mortality. Western Europe-wide land use regression models were used to characterise residential air pollution concentrations of ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and black carbon. Main outcome measures Deaths due to natural causes and cause specific mortality. Results Of 325 367 adults followed-up for an average of 19.5 years, 47 131 deaths were observed. Higher exposure to PM2.5, nitrogen dioxide, and black carbon was associated with significantly increased risk of almost all outcomes. An increase of 5 µg/m3 in PM2.5 was associated with 13% (95% confidence interval 10.6% to 15.5%) increase in natural deaths; the corresponding figure for a 10 µg/m3 increase in nitrogen dioxide was 8.6% (7% to 10.2%). Associations with PM2.5, nitrogen dioxide, and black carbon remained significant at low concentrations. For participants with exposures below the US standard of 12 µg/m3 an increase of 5 µg/m3 in PM2.5 was associated with 29.6% (14% to 47.4%) increase in natural deaths. Conclusions Our study contributes to the evidence that outdoor air pollution is associated with mortality even at low pollution levels below the current European and North American standards and WHO guideline values. These findings are therefore an important contribution to the debate about revision of air quality limits, guidelines, and standards, and future assessments by the Global Burden of Disease.