Suchergebnisse

This paper explores the complex, aesthetic embodiment of a particular history of group relations. It investigates how the form or materiality of ritual séance-constituted by dance, music, speech, and acts-reflects changes in the political economy. The paper deals with Agusanen Manobo séance (yana-an) as a channel for embodying the Agusan Manobo's rich cultural imagination of "others." Agusan Manobos are indigenous people,most of whom are now Christians and who live in middle Agusan Valley. Their "imaginary others" are distant outsiders with whom the Manobos owe some kind of affinity because of a more or less shared historical experience based upon concrete social exchange practices. The paper examines two kinds of social relations: (1) Manobos vis-à-vis other indigenous peoples, and (2) Manobos vis-à-vis the Visayan speaking settlers. It demonstrates that the nature of the first social relation is symmetrical or egalitarian. This contrasts with the second, which is asymmetrical. The paper shows that Agusan Manobo yana-an makes reflexive, visceral statements about these social relations, enabling ritual participants to define their social identity and reconstrue the newer asymmetrical Manobo-Visayan relations back to its original equalizing one.

How does state rhetoric change as conflict intensifies against intrastate enemies? We forward the concept of narrative expansion and labeling, to analyze the escalatory transformation of conflict discourse by the Philippine state media. The data set includes 4,098 articles from the state's official news agency, covering early attempts at reconciliation and the eventual failure of peace negotiations between the Philippine Government and the National Democratic Front (NDF). Analysis involves a mixed methods approach, combining computational network analytics of word networks with a qualitative interpretation of emergent themes. Results reveal a discursive shift emanating from the state's mouthpiece, alongside the political deterioration of peace talks with the NDF. The state narrative initially expands to include not only conciliatory but also confrontational talk. Eventually combative talks dominate, including a shift in labeling the enemy as terrorist rather than rebel. Narrative expansion likewise refers to state news discursively increasing the number of social actors involved in the conflict as either enemy or ally. Our findings contribute to understanding how discursive shifts may move from conciliatory to hostile discourse in a protracted intrastate conflict. ; reviewed ; acceptedVersion

En este trabajo se analizan las transformaciones llevadas a cabo en la economia mexicana en general, y en el sector agropecuario en particular, en los ultimos 16 anos. Tambien se analizan las perspectivas economicas nacionales para el periodo 1997-2000. La metodologia utilizada fue un modelo de equilibrio general estatico, representado por la matriz insumo-producto. Con base en las consideraciones actuales de politica, se espera que hasta el ano 2000 la economia crezca en general, con un mayor incremento de los sectores que producen bienes y uno menor en aquellos que generan servicios. (Polit Agric/DÜI)

Abstract
Education plays an important role in a society. Each and every country around the globe has its own education system to educate their own society. In this way, Malaysia has its own education system. Here, students undergo education in different stages such as, kindergarten (pre-school), primary school (elementary), secondary school (high), and college or university. Of these, kindergarten, primary and secondary educations are in schools. School education is basic for a child. Hence, teacher role is very essential in teaching and learning process. Sultan Idris Education University is No.1 Education University which produces a lot of teachers and are been posted as teachers in various parts of the country. Thus posted teachers teach in secondary schools in Malaysia. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the pedagogy knowledge of the secondary school teachers using testing and evaluation theory. The study is limited to the Perak state teachers of Malaysia. The researcher has used the descriptive research method for this study. Questionnaire is prepared according to the essential pedagogical knowledge for the teachers based on testing and evaluation theory. The data are collected through observing the classroom teaching of the teachers. The findings of the study are described in this article.

PurposeTenofovir (TDF) use has been linked to chronic kidney disease (CKD) and rapid decline in kidney function; the potential reversibility of these complications remains poorly studied. We compared changes in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) before, during and after TDF use.MethodsPatients in the UK Collaborative HIV Cohort (CHIC) Study who discontinued a TDF‐containing regimen after>3 months were included. Incident CKD on TDF was defined as an eGFR<60 for>3 months (eGFR units=ml/min/1.73 m2) and rapid eGFR decline as a negative eGFR slope>3 on TDF (eGFR slopes measured in ml/min/1.73 m2/year). Linear piecewise regression was used to estimate each person's eGFR slope before, during and after TDF, excluding the initial 4 weeks on TDF and the first 3 months post‐entry and post‐discontinuation. These slopes were compared in those with/without CKD or rapid eGFR decline using t‐tests. A piecewise linear random effects model compared the average slopes before and during TDF, and during and post TDF. Maximum eGFR after discontinuation was compared with eGFR at TDF start to determine the extent of recovery.Results935 subjects were included, of whom 80% were male, 70.5% of white ethnicity, 66.2% MSM. Median age at TDF start was 41. Patients with incident CKD tended to have lower eGFR at TDF start than those without (median 75 and 93 respectively), while baseline eGFR in those with/without rapid eGFR decline were similar (median 90 and 91 respectively). Small eGFR declines pre‐TDF were observed in all patients, with significantly more rapid eGFR decline observed during TDF exposure in those with renal complications (Table).

Table. eGFR slopes before, during and after TDF exposure in those with and without renal complications










eGFR slope
Pre‐TDF
On‐TDF
Post‐TDF
Pre‐TDF vs. on‐TDF
On‐TDF vs. post‐TDF




CKD
−2.7
−7.3
+5.2
p<0.0001
p<0.0001


No CKD
−1.1
−4.4
+2.6
p<0.0001
p<0.0001



p=0.10
p=0.003
0.001




Rapid eGFR decline
−0.5
−10.1
+5.1
p<0.0001
p<0.0001


No rapid eGFR decline
−1.8
+0.2
+1.1
p=0.28
p<0.0001



p=0.07
p<0.0001
p<0.0001






Although eGFR recovery was observed in the majority of patients without renal complications following TDF discontinuation (70.5% of those without CKD, 76.3% of those without rapid eGFR decline), only 43.7% of patients with CKD and 56.4% of those with rapid eGFR decline reached a maximum eGFR that was at least as high as their eGFR at TDF start.ConclusionsImprovements in eGFR were observed in patients who discontinued TDF. However, incomplete eGFR recovery was frequent in those with renal complications.

Mycobacterium bovis is an important animal pathogen worldwide that parasitizes wild and domesticated vertebrate livestock as well as humans. A comparison of the five M. bovis complete genomes from the United Kingdom, South Korea, Brazil, and the United States revealed four novel large-scale structural variations of at least 2,000 bp. A comparative phylogenomic study including 2,483 core genes of 38 taxa from eight countries showed conflicting phylogenetic signal among sites. By minimizing this effect, we obtained a tree that better agrees with sampling locality. Results supported a relatively basal position of African strains (all isolated from Homo sapiens), confirming that Africa was an important region for early diversification and that humans were one of the earliest hosts. Selection analyses revealed that functional categories such as "Lipid transport and metabolism," "Cell cycle control, cell division, chromosome partitioning" and "Cell motility" were significant for the evolution of the group, besides other categories previously described, showing importance of genes associated with virulence and cholesterol metabolism in the evolution of M. bovis. PE/PPE genes, many of which are known to be associated with virulence, were major targets for large-scale polymorphisms, homologous recombination, and positive selection, evincing for the first time a plethora of evolutionary forces possibly contributing to differential adaptability in M. bovis. By assuming different priors, US strains originated and started to diversify around 150-5,210 ya. By further analyzing the largest set of US genomes to date (76 in total), obtained from 14 host species, we detected that hosts were not clustered in clades (except for a few cases), with some faster-evolving strains being detected, suggesting fast and ongoing reinfections across host species, and therefore, the possibility of new bovine tuberculosis outbreaks. ; Brazilian Agency CAPESCAPES [3385/2013]; CAPESCAPES [3377/2013]; CNPqNational Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq) [304881/2015-5, 305857/2013-4, 473221/2013-6]; FundectFundect [TO141/2016, TO007/2015] ; This work was partially supported by the Brazilian Agency CAPES (grant number 3385/2013). J.S.L.P. and J.M. were supported by CAPES fellowships. J.C.S. was supported in part by a grant from CNPq (grant number 304881/2015-5). N.F.A. was supported by grants Fundect TO141/2016, TO007/2015, CNPq 305857/2013-4, 473221/2013-6, and CAPES 3377/2013. ; Public domain authored by a U.S. government employee