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This study determined the temporal variation of students' drug abuse in Langtang North Local Government Area - LGA, Plateau state - Nigeria. Descriptive survey research design was employed for the study with data collected from a sample of 752 students', selected through multi stage sampling procedure from all the secondary schools in Langtang North LGA. The instrument for data collection was investigators' structured ten items questionnaire. Face validation of the instrument was obtained through the judgement of five experts. A reliability index of .84 was obtained through the outcome of pilot testing using split half method. Frequencies, percentages and overall means were utilized to answer the research question while Chi-square statistic was used to test the null hypothesis at .05 level of significance. The findings of the study revealed that overall, a slightly higher proportion of the students' in the morning (40.4%), followed by during dry season (37.6%), in the evening (33.4%), during festive period (29.8%), at weekends (27.8%), and during rainy season (24.2%) moderately abused drugs. The study further revealed that students' drug abuse differed according to temporal variation (Cal 2 = 325.873 > 2 tab = 12.59, df = 6, p < .05). Following from the findings of the study, it was recommended that the Federal Government and Non-Governmental Organizations should endeavour to sponsor people to review the current intervention programs on drug abuse so as to strengthen measures that will further alter the negative attitudes and practices-related to inappropriate use of drugs that still exist. As the review on the current intervention programme is done; the outcome that is consistent with the current drug abuse trends when implemented ought to improve on the current status quo. As the current intervention programme is implemented and adopted, it will further curtail substance abuse thereby having informed and healthy people that will live devoid of drug abuse in Langtang North, Plateau state and the country at large. DOI:10.5901/jesr.2014.v4n7p41

no. 1. An address to the Right Hon. the Lords spiritual and temporal, and the Honourable the Members of the House of Commons, relative to a bill, now in contemplation to be submitted to Parliament, by His Majesty's government, regarding the French claims.- no. 2. A few words by the Baron de Bode, in relation to the funds paid by the French to the British Government under the treaties and conventions of 1814, 1815, and 1818: showing the respective rights of the governments, and of the parties claiming under those treaties and conventions. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Cover -- Title -- Copyright and Credits -- Foreword -- Table of Contents -- Section 1: Introduction, Definitions, and Classifications -- Chapter 1: OTS Introduction -- Technical requirements -- Introduction to OTS -- What is an OTS? -- Who is this book directed toward? -- OTS - MPDS or digital twin -- OTS jargon and definitions -- The instructor station -- Run/freeze -- Initial conditions -- Snapshots -- Backtracks -- Malfunctions -- Instructor scenarios -- Record and playback -- Simulator speed (real time) -- FODs -- OTS types -- Representation -- Fidelity -- ICSS representation -- Third-party representation -- What is good for me? -- Some use cases -- Case study 1 -- Case study 2 -- Case study 3 -- Case study 4 -- Case study 5 -- Summary -- Questions -- Section 2: Best Practices for the Development of OTS Systems -- Chapter 2: OTS Benefits and Best Use -- Technical requirements -- Generic simulators -- Replica simulators -- Low-fidelity simulators -- Medium-fidelity simulators -- Emulated ICSS representation -- High-fidelity replica simulators - digital twins -- Operations -- Control engineering -- Process engineering -- Examples of OTS projects -- Project 1 -- Project 2 -- Project 3 -- Project 4 -- Best use of an OTS -- Examples of best use -- Project build -- Procedure checkouts -- Control tuning -- Training -- Emergency response training -- Engineering studies -- Updating the OTS system -- Examples of OTS issue findings -- Potential safety incident -- Water injection pumps -- Water injection pump not starting -- Control valve mechanical stop -- Cooling high-temperature water -- Simple HMI mistake -- Sand sequence issues -- Trip and alarm schedule -- Turning gear engage -- Compressor train 2 -- Well alignment -- Summary -- Questions -- Chapter 3: OTS Project Execution and Best Practices -- V-model -- Making the decision to acquire an OTS.

AbstractIntroductionAmong people living with HIV in South Africa, viral suppression is lower among men than women. The study aim was to test the impact of lottery incentives, which reward positive health choice (e.g. antiretroviral therapy (ART) linkage) with a chance to win a prize, on strengthening the HIV care continuum including ART initiation and viral suppression for men.MethodsWe conducted a randomized, prospective trial of lottery incentives in the context of HIV testing and linkage to ART in rural KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa. Men living with HIV were randomly allocated to: lottery incentives and motivational text messages or motivational text messages only. Lottery prize eligibility was conditional on clinic registration, ART initiation, or viral suppression by one, three and six months respectively. After completing each continuum step, participants in the lottery group were notified whether they had won and were encouraged to continue in care. Lottery prizes were either a mobile phone, data or a gift card (valued at R1000/$100). Kaplan–Meier curves were plotted to determine time to ART initiation by study group. The primary outcome was viral suppression at six months.ResultsBetween November 2017 and December 2018, we tested 740 men for HIV and enrolled 131 HIV‐positive men who reported not being on ART. At baseline, 100 (76%) participants were 30 years and older, 95 (73%) were unemployed and the median CD4 count was 472 cells/μL. At study exit, 84% (110/131) of participants had visited a clinic and 62% (81/131) were virally suppressed. Compared to motivational text messages, lottery incentives decreased the median time to ART initiation from 126 to 66 days (p = 0.0043, age‐adjusted Cox regression) among all participants, and, from 134 days to 20 days (p = 0.0077) among participants who were not virally suppressed at baseline. Lottery incentives had an inconclusive effect on clinic registration (RR = 1.21, 95% CI: 0.83 to 1.76) and on viral suppression at six months (RR = 1.13, 95% CI: 0.73 to 1.75) compared to motivational text messages.ConclusionsConditional lottery incentives shortened the time to ART initiation among South African men. Behavioural economics strategies strengthen linkage to ART, but the study power was limited to see an impact on viral suppression.Clinical Trial NumberNCT03808194.