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"Communication au Congrès des dentistes du Canada tenu à Montréal les 12-13-14-15 septembre 1916." ; Reproduction électronique. ; Mode of access: Internet. ; Mode d'accès: World Wide Web. ; 44

Contends that adult education reveals the peculiar constraints and limitations faced by small states. Also argues that adult eduction must be seen as a developmental imperative rather than a remedial necessity by small states. (Original abstract-amended)

Translation of: La question des sucres en 1901; translated by Jules Hedeman. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Appendices (p. [119]-155): A. England, Holland and Germany.--B. Dr. Kuyper's admission.--C. The last pro-Boer manifestation.--D. South African critics.--E. The Transvaal and the peace conference held in Paris from September 30th to October 5th, 1900. ; The translation was made at the London office of Le Siècle, under the direction of Jules Hedeman, assisted by Mrs. Ellen Waugh and Mr. Charles Baxter. ; Appeared originally in Le Siècle. ; Mode of access: Internet.

Funding: Work in J.T, lab is supported by grant BB/M007200/1 from the U.K. Biotechnology and Biomedical Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) and by the Scottish Government's Rural and Environment Science and Analytical Services Division (RESAS). ; In eukaryotes, membrane contact sites (MCS) allow direct communication between organelles. Plants have evolved a unique type of MCS, inside intercellular pores, the plasmodesmata, where endoplasmic reticulum (ER)–plasma membrane (PM) contacts coincide with regulation of cell‐to‐cell signalling. The molecular mechanism and function of membrane tethering within plasmodesmata remain unknown. Here, we show that the multiple C2 domains and transmembrane region protein (MCTP) family, key regulators of cell‐to‐cell signalling in plants, act as ER‐PM tethers specifically at plasmodesmata. We report that MCTPs are plasmodesmata proteins that insert into the ER via their transmembrane region while their C2 domains dock to the PM through interaction with anionic phospholipids. A Atmctp3/Atmctp4 loss of function mutant induces plant developmental defects, impaired plasmodesmata function and composition, while MCTP4 expression in a yeast Δtether mutant partially restores ER‐PM tethering. Our data suggest that MCTPs are unique membrane tethers controlling both ER‐PM contacts and cell‐to‐cell signalling. ; Publisher PDF ; Peer reviewed