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In this study we assessed the validity and reliability of the Chinese version of the Adolescent Measure of Empathy and Sympathy (CAMES). Chinese children and adolescents aged between 9 and 18 years (N = 3,252) completed the CAMES at 2 time points 2 weeks apart. Confirmatory factor
analysis results revealed a 3-factor structure, namely, cognitive empathy, affective empathy, and sympathy, with good model fit. The factors were significantly correlated with the Chinese versions of the Interpersonal Reactivity Index and the Prosocial Tendencies Measure. The intraclass correlation
coefficients demonstrated moderate test–retest reliability for the 3 factors of the CAMES, and Cronbach's α coefficients ranged from .80 to .87. We observed that adolescents in the older age group scored lower for affective empathy and sympathy than did their younger counterparts.
Our results indicate that the CAMES is a valid and reliable measure of Chinese adolescents' empathy and sympathy.

An Overview of Community-based poverty-alleviation Social Work -- Theories and Methods of Community-based poverty-alleviation Social Work -- Community Intervention in poverty-alleviation Social Work -- Community Empowerment in poverty-alleviation Social Work -- Community Construction in poverty-alleviation Social Work -- poverty-alleviation Social Work Practice by Community Industries -- poverty-alleviation Social Work Practice by Relocation -- poverty-alleviation Social Work for People with Special Needs -- Community-based poverty-alleviation Social Work: Reflections and Inspirations.

Cover -- Half Title -- Series Page -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Table of Contents -- List of figures -- List of tables -- List of contributors -- Foreword -- 1 Chinese outbound tourist behaviour: an introduction -- PART I: Historical development of Chinese outbound tourism -- 2 History, development and politics of China's outbound tourism -- 3 From then to now: a brief history of China's outbound tourism market -- 4 Development of China's outbound tourism market: a brief history from then to now -- 5 Development of China's outbound tourism: new trends and travel patterns -- PART II: Travel experiences of Chinese outbound tourists -- 6 China's long-haul travel experiences: the development of Chinese tourism in Italy -- 7 Experience economy in wellness tourism to attract Chinese outbound tourists -- 8 The challenges of targeting the Chinese outbound market: a case study of Fiji -- 9 Identifying the key factors influencing service quality among Chinese GTPs in New Zealand -- 10 Chinese tourists' behavior on package tours in Turkey -- 11 Destination food image: a systematic literature review to assess future perspectives -- 12 Local perceptions and behavior of Chinese tourists at the tulip fields in the Netherlands -- 13 The future of Chinese outbound tourism: an Australian perspective -- PART III: Chinese outbound tourists' shopping and health -- 14 The shopping behaviour of Chinese outbound tourists -- 15 Who are Chinese luxury travelers? -- 16 Effects of COVID-19 knowledge on Chinese tourists' intentions for medical purposes -- PART IV Revisiting Chinese outbound tourism -- 17 Chinese outbound tourism in the post-SARS-CoV-2 era -- Index.

The expansion of government size will have dual effects on a country's green innovation. An appropriately sized government size increases marginal productivity and stimulates the development of green innovation by increasing government expenditure. On the contrary, an excessively sized government creates a huge administrative agency, which not only increases the tax burden but also damages social welfare by excessive intervention. Therefore, the effect of government size on green innovation is not linear. In order to prove this proposition, this study examines the impact of government size on green innovation in 166 countries between 1995 and 2018, using a two-way fixed effects model. The results reveal an inverted U-shaped relationship between government size and the level of green innovation, indicating that optimal government size may maximize a country's green innovation output. The results further suggest that this inverted U-shaped relationship is mainly influenced by environmental regulations and financial support. Finally, our heterogeneity analysis demonstrates that the inverted U-shaped relationship is more pronounced for countries with high organizational inertia and more R&D expenditure than for those with low organizational inertia and less R&D expenditure. This finding makes up for the research gap between government size and green innovation and provides a reference for countries to formulate the optimal government size to improve the level of green innovation.

PurposeUsing a qualitative approach, this cross-disciplinary study integrating modern slavery, tourism and marketing expertise outlines Chinese outbound tourists' perceptions of and reactions to issues related to child sex tourism.Design/methodology/approachIn total, 27 in-depth interviews were conducted, and data were analysed. Manual coding was chosen as an efficient method to process qualitative interview data given the relatively small sample size in this study.FindingsThree main themes emerged from analysis: (1) tourists' negative perceptions of child sex tourism; (2) tourist boycotts against child sex tourism destinations and activities as reactions to this socially deviant and illegal phenomenon and (3) tourist advocacy to enhance public awareness of child sex tourism. These themes suggest that tourists, as key tourism stakeholders, have difficulty accepting that child sex tourism occurs and would like to identify solutions to end illegal activities. Tourist boycotts would positively affect sustainable tourism development by eliminating illegal businesses, including those involving child prostitution, from the tourism industry. The qualitative method is applied here to develop a conceptual framework explaining tourists' perceptions of and reactions to child sex tourism.Practical implicationsA conceptual framework of Chinese individuals' perceptions of and reactions to child sex tourism has been devised using a qualitative approach. Although this framework takes child sex tourism as its focus, it can also be applied to better understand tourists' perspectives of other socially deviant or illegal behaviours within the tourism industry. The findings of this study provide valuable implications for various tourism stakeholders.Originality/valueThe current study makes significant theoretical and practical contributions to an under-researched topic – child sex tourism. A conceptual framework of Chinese individuals' perceptions of and reactions to child sex tourism has been devised using a qualitative approach. Findings from this study may inspire campaigns to protect children from being drawn into sex tourism. Efforts should also be undertaken to rescue children who have already been victimised by illegal businesses.

PurposeGiven the increasing number of tourists exposed to commercially available cannabis, it is important to understand visitors' perceived constraints to cannabis consumption while travelling. This study aims to compare cannabis tourists' perceived constraints between first-time and repeat tourists to gain comprehensive understanding.Design/methodology/approachThis study involved 32 conversational field interviews (5–10 min) with Chinese tourists who had smoked cannabis in coffee shops in Amsterdam to identify perceived constraints to engaging in cannabis tourism. The hierarchical constraint model (HCM) informed qualitative data coding using a deductive approach to compare first-time and repeat tourists. Content analysis was conducted manually.FindingsResults showed that both tourist groups faced intrapersonal, interpersonal and structural perceived constraints to cannabis consumption. Differences in first-time and repeat cannabis tourists' perceived constraints were explained using the neutralization technique framework and psychological tactics, such as the defence of necessity, claims of entitlement, normal practice and claims of relative acceptability. In addition, social exchange theory was employed to explain why repeat cannabis tourists perceived fewer constraints than first-time tourists.Practical implicationsAlthough the current study did not intend to address the importance of cannabis tourism in places where cannabis is commercially available, findings offer empirical guidance for industry practitioners and policymakers regarding cannabis use education, prevention and policy in tourism contexts; related efforts can promote the sustainable development of this tourism market while protecting cannabis tourists' physical and psychological well-being.Originality/valueThis study makes important theoretical contributions regarding travel constraints in the unique context of cannabis tourism between first-time and repeat tourists. Findings will also enable academics, industry operators, policymakers and local residents of cannabis tourism destinations to better understand how these tourists decide whether to consume cannabis overseas. Differences in these perceived constraints between first-time and repeat tourists are discussed to highlight the dynamic nature of travel constraints.

The paper examines the impact of terrorism on economic growth in Pakistan. Channel variables, such as foreign direct investment (FDI), domestic investment, and government spending, through which terrorism influences economic growth, are identified. For empirical analysis, annual data for the period 1972–2014 are used, and a structural model is estimated using the generalised method of moments (GMM) estimation approach. The results reveal that (1) the impact of terrorism on FDI and domestic investment is significantly negative, whereas the impact on government spending is significantly positive and (2) the net effect of terrorism on economic growth is negative. One per cent increase in terrorism reduces FDI by 0.104 per cent, domestic investment by 0.039 per cent and economic growth by 0.002 per cent. To increase economic growth more resources must be allocated to improve law and order. To attract foreign investment, complementary domestic investment must be increased