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The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) faces tremendous challenges regarding the future energy landscape and how the energy transition will embrace a new architecture – including sound policies and technologies to ensure energy access together with affordability, energy security, and energy sustainability. Given the high share of fossil fuels in ASEAN's current energy mix (oil, coal, and natural gas comprise almost 80%), the clean use of fossil fuels through the deployment of clean technologies is indispensable for decarbonising ASEAN's emissions. The future energy landscape of ASEAN will rely on today's actions, policies, and investments to change the fossil fuel-based energy system towards a cleaner energy system, but any decisions and energy policy measures to be rolled out during the energy transition need to be weighed against potentially higher energy costs, affordability issues, and energy security risks. This paper employs energy modelling scenarios to seek plausible policy options for ASEAN to achieve more emissions reductions as well as energy savings, and to assess the extent to which the composition of the energy mix will be changed under various energy policy scenarios. The results imply policy recommendations for accelerating the share of renewables, adopting clean technologies and the clean use of fossil fuels, and investing in climate-resilient energy quality infrastructure.

Intro -- Acknowledgements -- Introduction -- Contents -- About the Editors -- Part I Impacts of Climate Change and the Mitigation Policies -- 1 Impacts of Climate Change on Agriculture in South-East Asia-Drought Conditions and Crop Damage Assessment -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Materials and Methods -- 1.2.1 Study Area -- 1.2.2 Drought Conditions -- 1.2.3 Crop Damage Assessment -- 1.3 Results and Discussion -- 1.3.1 Drought Conditions During Crop-Growing Seasons -- 1.3.2 Spatial Distribution of Drought Intensity -- 1.3.3 Drought Impacts and Policy Implications -- 1.4 Conclusions and Policy Recommendations -- Appendix A -- References -- 2 Management of Natural Forests for Carbon Emission Reductions Through Improved Logging Practices and Wood Bioenergy Use -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Study Methods and Materials -- 2.2.1 Commercial Logging and Wood Waste -- 2.2.2 Production Forests in Southeast Asia -- 2.2.3 Logging, Carbon Stocks, Emission Reductions, and Carbon Revenues -- 2.2.4 Wood Biomass, Bioenergy, and Emission Reductions -- 2.3 Results and Discussions -- 2.3.1 Harvested Timber and Wood Products -- 2.3.2 Carbon Stock Changes and Emission Reductions -- 2.3.3 Biomass, Bioenergy, and Emission Reductions -- 2.3.4 Total Emission Reductions Through Forest Management for Timber and Bioenergy -- 2.4 Conclusion and Policy Recommendations -- References -- 3 Vehicle Technology Impact Assessment Model for Indonesia (VEIA-ID): Concept and First Results -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Modelling Concept -- 3.2.1 Transport Demand Module -- 3.2.2 Fleet Module -- 3.2.3 Environmental Module -- 3.2.4 Software Development -- 3.3 Economic and Energy Market Assumptions -- 3.4 Results -- 3.4.1 Baseline Scenario -- 3.4.2 Alternative Scenarios -- 3.5 Conclusions and Policy Recommendations -- Appendix 1: Road Freight Vehicle Types -- Appendix 2: Car types -- References.

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