Suchergebnisse

Paskelbus Steigiamojo Seimo rinkimų įstatymą partijos kėlė kandidatus ir sudarinėjo rinkimų sąrašus. Apie 30 partijų ir organizacijų dalyvavo Steigiamojo Seimo rinkimuose. Daugelis jų kandidatų sąrašuose į Steigiamąjį Seimą moteris įtraukė į antrąjį ar trečiąjį dešimtuką. G. Petkevičaitė buvo vienintelė moteris, partijos kandidatų sąraše buvusi pirmoji.
Moterys kandidatės į Steigiamąjį Seimą buvo išsilavinusios, daugiausia netekėjusios, einančios pareigas ir matomos visuomenėje. Dauguma kandidačių buvo aktyvios moterų judėjimo lyderės, žinomos visuomenininkės. Dar vienas bendras bruožas jaunas amžius – daugelis buvo iki 30 metų.
Steigiamojo Seimo rinkimai vyko 1920 m. balandžio 14–15 dienomis. Iš 150 parlamentarų 8 (5,3 proc.) buvo moterys. Pagal Lietuvos krikščionių demokratų bloko sąrašą buvo išrinktos M. Draugelytė-Galdikienė, E. Spudaitė-Gvildienė, M. Lukošiūtė (Lukošytė), V. Mackevičaitė, O. Muraškaitė-Rašiukaitienė, S. Stakauskaitė, pagal Lietuvos socialistų liaudininkų demokratų ir Lietuvos valstiečių sąjungos sąrašą – G. Petkevičaitė-Bitė ir F. Bortkevičienė. Socialdemokratai neturėjo nė vienos moters parlamentarės.
1920 m. gegužės 15 d. Kaune, miesto teatre, darbą pradėjo Steigiamasis Seimas. Iki nuolatinio prezidiumo sudarymo jam vadovavo G. Petkevičaitė-Bitė, sekretoriavo O. Muraškaitė-Račiukaitienė. Tai buvo ne tik moterų judėjimo laimėjimas, bet ir viso moterų indėlio į visuomenės ir valstybės gyvenimą įvertinimas. G. Petkevičaitė sveikinimo kalbos pradžioje akcentavo politinių teisių moterims suteikimą kaip atlygį už ilgą ir sąmoningą veiklą atkuriant valstybę. Taip ji siekė išsklaidyti dalies visuomenės nuostatą, jog Lietuvos moterys rinkimų teises gavo labai lengvai.
Parlamentarės dalyvavo Švietimo bei Knygyno, Sveikatos, Darbo ir Socialinės apsaugos bei Bibliotekos komisijų darbe.

1927 was significant for the women's movement because it was necessary to review the goals and their implementation methods in the women's movement while adapting to altered political conditions. On 6 December 1928, the government issued an order that made it necessary to reregister organisations and pointed out that members of an association could be persons who were 21 or older. In this political environment, the activities of the Lithuanian catholic women's organisation became more passive and shifted towards the areas of culture and education. It passed on taking care of women's affairs to other women's organisations. During the 30s, it underwent a crisis, and the Lithuanian Women's Council was positioned not as a political or charity organisation but as an ideological organisation that had a goal of educating and encouraging women to be interested in culture, develop their sense of responsibility (for the society, family and country) and protect women's affairs. Financial support from the government allowed the Council to develop relations and represent the Lithuanian women's movement on the international scale. This was an important factor of the development and unification of the women's movement but not its trengthening. The active Lithuanian Women's Union was forced to limit its activities after the upheaval. During the 30s of the 20th century, Lithuanian women's movement displayed consolidation of all three areas (catholic, democratic and social-democratic) when attempting to solve issues related to women's representation in the 4th Seimas, prostitution, position of women and children in families, piece and other issues. Lithuanian history does not include very many analyses of elections to the 4th Seimas and the tactics applied by the Lithuanian Nationalist Union that limited all possibilities for female representatives to become members of the parliament. This shows that this political power created a mirage that was dispersed on the day of the election to the 4th Seimas, even though it allegedly satisfied the requirements of the women's movement and showing the society it was represented. The article analyses the inability of women's organisations to agree and suggest a representative to the Council of Lithuania as well as its weak representation of women in self-management. The article also discusses its causes and consequences.Aim of the article – having revealed the limitations of women's activities in the national life during the 30s of the 20th century, to analyse the reasons of the defeat of the women's movement in the 4th Seimas

XIX amžiaus pabaiga – XX amžiaus pirmoji pusė buvo reikšminga Lietuvos istorijoje ne tik dėl valstybės atkūrimo, Seimų veiklos, bet ir dėl moterų emancipacijos, jų pilietinių ir politinių teisių įtvirtinimo, visuomenės požiūrio į moters vaidmenį kaitos. Tai aiškiai išreikšta Liudos Purėnienės pilietinėje, politinėje ir visuomeninėje veikloje. Ši moteris dalyvavo svarbiausiuose atkuriamos ir atkurtos Lietuvos įvykiuose: Didžiajame Vilniaus Seime, Petrapilio lietuvių seime, I, II ir III Seimuose. Ji buvo aktyvi Lietuvos socialdemokratų partijos (LSDP) centro komiteto ir Socialdemokratų frakcijos III Seime narė. Aktyvistė į visuomeninę veiklą įsitraukė Pirmojo pasaulinio karo metais, dirbdama Nukentėjusiems nuo karo šelpti organizacijoje. Jos veiklos pėdsakai ryškūs ir teisės sistemoje: tai pirmoji moteris notarė ir advokatė ne tik Lietuvoje, bet ir visame Baltijos regione. To meto visuomenėje tai buvo milžiniški pasiekimai ir kartu – didžiulis įvertinimas, žinant, kad teisininko karjera buvo laikoma vyriška profesija. Aktyvi L. Purėnienės veikla visuomenėje atsiskleidė organizuojant Kovo 8-osios šventimą, dirbant LSDP "Moterų sekcijoje" ir redaguojant "Moterų skiltį" laikraštyje "Social demokratas". Autoritarinio režimo laikotarpiu L. Purėnienė buvo persekiojama, kalinama, ištremta dėl tiesios ir drąsios pozicijos, teisinės pagalbos žmonėms, nukentėjusiems nuo režimo, tačiau neturėjusiems pinigų advokatui pasisamdyti. Ši moteris labai anksti subrendo kaip politikė. 1936 metais, uždraudus partijų veiklą Lietuvoje, ji nutraukė politinę veiklą ir toliau dirbo tik advokato darbą. Pabrėžtina, kad nepriklausomoje ir okupuotoje Lietuvoje ji buvo persekiojama už politines pažiūras ir aktyvią profesinę veiklą. Galima teigti, kad du kalinimai ir ištrėmimas iš Kauno nepalaužė jos charakterio.

Jewish women activity in the Lithuanian women's movement has never been investigated. This article provides a brief overview of the most important aspects of their activities in restoring the State of Lithuania and actively joining its activities in the inter-war period. In the end of 1919, the Women's Circle to Aid the Solders was established, and Jewish women were active in its activities. The participants of the women's circles were awarded the medals of the 10th anniversary of the Lithuanian Independence for their activities. The women established and actively worked in the Lithuanian Women Committee to Protect the Homeland as a response to the call-back of the Chief Defence Committee. After the Independence fights, during the period of the democratic Lithuanian state (1920-1926), the Jewish womenactively took part in the self-governing institutions. Especially active were the Jewish socialist labourists and Jewish laboursits' groups. This activity diminished during the period of the authoritarian regime (1926-1940).

Jewish women activity in the Lithuanian women's movement has never been investigated. This article provides a brief overview of the most important aspects of their activities in restoring the State of Lithuania and actively joining its activities in the inter-war period. In the end of 1919, the Women's Circle to Aid the Solders was established, and Jewish women were active in its activities. The participants of the women's circles were awarded the medals of the 10th anniversary of the Lithuanian Independence for their activities. The women established and actively worked in the Lithuanian Women Committee to Protect the Homeland as a response to the call-back of the Chief Defence Committee. After the Independence fights, during the period of the democratic Lithuanian state (1920-1926), the Jewish womenactively took part in the self-governing institutions. Especially active were the Jewish socialist labourists and Jewish laboursits' groups. This activity diminished during the period of the authoritarian regime (1926-1940).

In of June 1940 the Soviet government gave great attention to women with the aim to gain the public acceptance. They used propaganda which criticized the position of women in the interwar Lithuania and focused on the famous women rights. In 1940 women organizations in the Soviet Lithuania were closed and their leaders either emigrated or were exiled to the Siberia, and the Soviet officials claimed that women's issue did not exist. In August 1945 Women department of Lithuanian Communist Party was created. The department initiated establishment of Women Councils in all regions of Lithuania. Women who belonged to the councils most often learnt housework, e.g. sewing, knitting and cooking. From 1946 lectures on the harm of abortion and the importance of motherhood were read to them. Later on, lectures on the Soviet Constitution, the meaning of work were added. These lectures served as the platform for harsh criticism against the interwar Lithuanian society and dissemination of atheistic ideas. The aim was to grow women's loyalty to the soviet government. Sometimes women would raise acute issues of the government in these meetings. In 1946, after the first congress of Lithuanian women workers in Vilnius the councils attempted to mass women and inform the society about the "women's issue". From the 1950s the "women's issue" in Soviet Lithuania was solved following the orders of the Soviet Union. First of all, their rights were equaled to the ones of men. They could freely choose a profession, a place of residence and get education. The principle of equality between a man and a woman was embedded in all important documents of the country, first in the 1940's and later in the I978's Constitution of Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic. The aim of the paper is to explore how the woman's position in the society was portrayed in Lithuania from 1940 to the middle of the 1970s. [.]

In of June 1940 the Soviet government gave great attention to women with the aim to gain the public acceptance. They used propaganda which criticized the position of women in the interwar Lithuania and focused on the famous women rights. In 1940 women organizations in the Soviet Lithuania were closed and their leaders either emigrated or were exiled to the Siberia, and the Soviet officials claimed that women's issue did not exist. In August 1945 Women department of Lithuanian Communist Party was created. The department initiated establishment of Women Councils in all regions of Lithuania. Women who belonged to the councils most often learnt housework, e.g. sewing, knitting and cooking. From 1946 lectures on the harm of abortion and the importance of motherhood were read to them. Later on, lectures on the Soviet Constitution, the meaning of work were added. These lectures served as the platform for harsh criticism against the interwar Lithuanian society and dissemination of atheistic ideas. The aim was to grow women's loyalty to the soviet government. Sometimes women would raise acute issues of the government in these meetings. In 1946, after the first congress of Lithuanian women workers in Vilnius the councils attempted to mass women and inform the society about the "women's issue". From the 1950s the "women's issue" in Soviet Lithuania was solved following the orders of the Soviet Union. First of all, their rights were equaled to the ones of men. They could freely choose a profession, a place of residence and get education. The principle of equality between a man and a woman was embedded in all important documents of the country, first in the 1940's and later in the I978's Constitution of Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic. The aim of the paper is to explore how the woman's position in the society was portrayed in Lithuania from 1940 to the middle of the 1970s. [.]

In of June 1940 the Soviet government gave great attention to women with the aim to gain the public acceptance. They used propaganda which criticized the position of women in the interwar Lithuania and focused on the famous women rights. In 1940 women organizations in the Soviet Lithuania were closed and their leaders either emigrated or were exiled to the Siberia, and the Soviet officials claimed that women's issue did not exist. In August 1945 Women department of Lithuanian Communist Party was created. The department initiated establishment of Women Councils in all regions of Lithuania. Women who belonged to the councils most often learnt housework, e.g. sewing, knitting and cooking. From 1946 lectures on the harm of abortion and the importance of motherhood were read to them. Later on, lectures on the Soviet Constitution, the meaning of work were added. These lectures served as the platform for harsh criticism against the interwar Lithuanian society and dissemination of atheistic ideas. The aim was to grow women's loyalty to the soviet government. Sometimes women would raise acute issues of the government in these meetings. In 1946, after the first congress of Lithuanian women workers in Vilnius the councils attempted to mass women and inform the society about the "women's issue". From the 1950s the "women's issue" in Soviet Lithuania was solved following the orders of the Soviet Union. First of all, their rights were equaled to the ones of men. They could freely choose a profession, a place of residence and get education. The principle of equality between a man and a woman was embedded in all important documents of the country, first in the 1940's and later in the I978's Constitution of Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic. The aim of the paper is to explore how the woman's position in the society was portrayed in Lithuania from 1940 to the middle of the 1970s. [.]

In of June 1940 the Soviet government gave great attention to women with the aim to gain the public acceptance. They used propaganda which criticized the position of women in the interwar Lithuania and focused on the famous women rights. In 1940 women organizations in the Soviet Lithuania were closed and their leaders either emigrated or were exiled to the Siberia, and the Soviet officials claimed that women's issue did not exist. In August 1945 Women department of Lithuanian Communist Party was created. The department initiated establishment of Women Councils in all regions of Lithuania. Women who belonged to the councils most often learnt housework, e.g. sewing, knitting and cooking. From 1946 lectures on the harm of abortion and the importance of motherhood were read to them. Later on, lectures on the Soviet Constitution, the meaning of work were added. These lectures served as the platform for harsh criticism against the interwar Lithuanian society and dissemination of atheistic ideas. The aim was to grow women's loyalty to the soviet government. Sometimes women would raise acute issues of the government in these meetings. In 1946, after the first congress of Lithuanian women workers in Vilnius the councils attempted to mass women and inform the society about the "women's issue". From the 1950s the "women's issue" in Soviet Lithuania was solved following the orders of the Soviet Union. First of all, their rights were equaled to the ones of men. They could freely choose a profession, a place of residence and get education. The principle of equality between a man and a woman was embedded in all important documents of the country, first in the 1940's and later in the I978's Constitution of Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic. The aim of the paper is to explore how the woman's position in the society was portrayed in Lithuania from 1940 to the middle of the 1970s. [.]

Remiantis Lietuvos Respublikos įstatymais bei teisės aktais, archyvine medžiaga, periodine spauda, analizuojamas Lietuvos moterų tarybos susikūrimas. Iškeliama jos reikšmė valstybės vidaus ir užsienio politikai. Apžvelgiama Moterų tarybos veikla dviem skirtingais visuomenės raidos etapais. Daroma išvada, jog Lietuvos moterų taryba valstybėje neturėjo didelės įtakos, nes nekėlė moterims svarbių problemų. Ji daugiau reprezentavo valstybę ir liberaliąją bei socialdemokratinę moterų judėjimo sroves tarptautinėse moterų organizacijose.

Remiantis Lietuvos Respublikos įstatymais bei kitais juridiniais aktais, politinių partijų dokumentais, politine spauda, istorikų darbais, epistoliarine medžiaga, analizuojama moterų veikla bei vaidmuo valstybės kūrime, atskleidžiama įvairialypė jų veikla siekiant gauti politines teises.
Straipsnyje glaustai aptariama 1917 m. Vilniaus konferencija ir iškeliamos moterų nedalyvavimo joje priežastis, moterų veikla 1918–1920 m. Siekiama nustatyti, kada moterys gavo dalines ir visiškas politines teises. Aptariama, kuo dalinės politinės teisės skyrėsi nuo visiškų, palyginama su kitomis (Šiaurės, Vidurio bei Vakarų Europos) valstybėmis. Aptariamas moterų politinių teisių įgyvendinimas, nurodama, jog jas moterys ne tik skirtingai suvokė, bet ir realizavo. Tai lėmė moterų išsilavinimas bei socialinė padėtis. Miestietės, nežiūrint jų skirtingos socialinės padėties, politinėmis ir pilietinėmis teisėmis naudojosi aktyviau.
Nemaža straipsnio dalis skiriama moterų dalyvavimui Nepriklausomybės kovose, parodoma jų aktyvi veikla organizuojant finansinę bei kitokią pagalbą Lietuvos kariuomenei.

Aukščiausios Tarybos-Atkuriamojo Seimo parlamentarių indėlis į naujos viešosios politikos kūrimą per demokratiškai išrinkto parlamento priimtus įstatymus, parodant rinkimų kampanijos metu moterų organizacijų ir judėjimų kurtas platformas ir jų programas, nėra tirtas. Sąjūdžio ir LKP bei kitų atsikūrusių ir susikūrusių partijų rinkiminės kampanijos yra plačiai analizuotos, tačiau tame kontekste neliko atsikūrusių moterų organizacijų iškeltų moterų kandidačių, remtų ir neremtų Sąjūdžio į LTSR AT. Straipsnyje, remiantis archyviniais šaltinais ir tuometine spauda, parodoma rinkiminė kova ir tuo metu veikiančių moterų organizacijų ir moterų judėjimų (Motinų, Moterų Sąjūdžių) kuriamos rinkiminės platformos. Taip pat analizuojama išrinktų į XII šaukimo LTSR Aukščiausiąją Tarybą – Lietuvos Aukščiausiąją Tarybą keturiolikos moterų veikla. Pažymėtina, jog didžiausias jų dėmesys buvo sutelktas į įstatymų projektų pasiūlymus, susijusius su šeima, moterimis, vaikais. Nebuvo nei vieno pasiūlyto įstatymo projekto, kaip apsaugoti moteris darbo rinkoje, bet buvo teikiami įstatymų projektai, grąžinantys jas į šeimą. Tai buvo neatsitiktinis reiškinys, nes Lietuvos Persitvarkymo Sąjūdžio ir jo moterų rėmimo grupėse, pvz. "Saulėtekis", Motinų ir Moterų sąjūdžiai programose akcentavo šeimos stiprinimo klausimą, tačiau jam išspręsti siūlė tik vieną kelią – "moteris grąžinti į šeimą", neatsižvelgiant į tuo metu jau Statistikos departamento ir mokslininkų vykdytus tyrimus apie moterų išsakomą poziciją šiuo klausimu. Tai "buldozerinės" politikos Lietuvoje pavyzdys, kuris turėjo ilgalaikes negatyvias pasekmes Lietuvos visuomenei ir ypač moterims. Straipsnio tikslas – atskleisti moterų parlamentarių indėlį į naujos viešosios politikos kūrimą per Lietuvos Aukščiausios Tarybos priimtus įstatymus, parodant rinkiminės kampanijos metu moterų organizacijų ir judėjimų kurtas platformas. Straipsnyje naudoti tyrimo metodai: mokslinės literatūros lyginamoji analizė, dokumentų analizė, pirminių (archyvinių dokumentų) ir antrinių (tuometinės spaudos) šaltinių analizė ir sintezė), kokybinis tyrimas (interviu).

Over 30 years have passed since the beginning of the Reform Movement; however, women's initiatives in the Reform Movement of Lithuania have not been analysed. Commemorating the anniversary of the Reform Movement, Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania declared 2018 as the year of the Reform Movement and highlighted the period of 1988-1990 as a period of great importance in the Lithuania history when Seimas of the Reform Movement acted as a partial yet legal democratic representative of the nation in the Soviet occupation system.
The article analyses women's engagement into the initiative groups of the Sąjūdis, their participation in the initiative group and congress. The aim of this article is to shed light on the role of women in the building of the Soviet Union and the specific nature of the activities of the women's Sąjūdis, the degree of involvement, the problems raised and the solutions proposed.
In order to achieve this goal, the archival material contained in the fund of the Lithuanian Perestroika Sąjūdis of the New Archive of the Lithuanian State, the fund of the Kaunas Movement of the Kaunas Regional State Archive, the periodical press of the time were analysed, and the following scientific research was made available.