En esta contribución, realizadadesde la perspectiva del derecho humano al agua, nos acercamos a la localidad rural Tomás Garrido, municipio de Tacotalpa, estado de Tabasco, con el fin de documentar el comportamiento de los hogares frente a la problemática de acceso al agua. Encontramos prácticas familiares como el acarreo, compra de recipientes para el almacenamiento, racionamiento del agua y el ajuste de las actividades domésticas en tiempos de estiaje. Aunado a ello, se realizan actividades comunitarias para la conservación de las fuentes de agua, como la reforestación. Concluimos que la población local no ejerce su derecho humano al agua.
The objective of this work is to contrast succinctly the forest public policies that took place in the period 1947-1982 through the government reports of the States of Tabasco and Chiapas (Mexico), through the collection and digitization of State Government reports, supplemented by secondary sources. The method of research was qualitative with an intensive and extensive search of sources, which served to create a database in Microsoft Excel, sorted by keywords. The results are as follows: forest policies in both entities were divergent, while in Chiapas, state governments intermittently promoted forest harvesting, in Tabasco, the main objective was to promote agriculture and cattle raising, at the expense of forest degradation. However, in both cases, fires, deforestation and weak policies caused forest resources to continue to deteriorate. ; El artículo se propone contrastar de manera sucinta las políticas públicas forestales gestadas en el periodo 1947-1982, a través de los informes de gobierno de los estados de Tabasco y Chiapas (México). Para ello se recopilaron y digitalizaron informes de gobiernos estatales del periodo de estudio, complementados con fuentes secundarias. El método de investigación fue cualitativo con una búsqueda intensiva y extensiva de fuentes, lo cual sirvió para crear una base de datos ordenada por palabras clave. Los resultados son los siguientes: las políticas forestales en ambas entidades fueron divergentes, mientras en Chiapas los gobiernos estatales promovieron intermitentemente el aprovechamiento forestal, en Tabasco, el principal objetivo fue el de hacer producir el campo e incentivar la actividad ganadera, a costa de la deforestación de la selva. No obstante, en ambos, los incendios, la deforestación y las políticas débiles causaron que los recursos forestales continuaran deteriorándose.
Active calderas are major volcanic features of the Earth's crust associated with shallow magma reservoirs, high geothermal gradients, and geodynamic unrests often documented through historical time. As large caldera-forming eruptions are also among the most catastrophic events that may affect the Earth's surface, calderas are ostensibly the sites of major interest for both the scientific community and governmental institutions worldwide. The Campi Flegrei is an active volcanic area located west of the city of Naples, largely on the continental shelf of the Eastern Tyrrhenian margin that has been characterized by dominantly explosive eruptions during the latest Quaternary. This is one among the highest volcanic risk-prone areas of the world and likely the only example in the historical record of a caldera where dramatic ground/seafloor deformation (more than 4 m of uplift between 1950 and 1984) was not followed by a volcanic eruption. This suggests some important role played by the heath and gas flow from the magma chamber and the dynamics of the shallow aquifers in the unrest episodes. Recent research offshore the Campi Flegrei has shown that a significant part of the volcaniclastic products and sedimentary processes are still largely unknown. The structure of the hydrothermal system associated with the offshore substructure of the caldera system is poorly constrained, and even the caldera-like diagnostic characters postulated for the older phase in the evolution of the Campi Flegrei, largely based on outcrop data, are somewhat questionable. Therefore, it has become clear that only drilling both the onshore and offshore parts of the caldera much deeper than conventional coring may provide a relatively complete stratigraphic record that could not be preserved on land. We propose 15 drill sites (1 deep drill site onland and 14 shallower drill sites offshore) that are necessary in order to reconstruct the Late Quaternary stratigraphy, structure, hydrothermal system and geodynamic evolution of the Campi Flegrei district as a component of the eastern Tyrrhenian margin. According with the outcomes of a MagellanPlus Workshop held in Napoli in February 2017, it was suggested the Campi Flegrei Caldera Drilling Project should be jointly submitted to IODP and ICDP as an Amphibious Drilling Proposal by the end of 2018. The Workshop participant agreed on the proposition that the IODP component of the proposal should focus on integrated stratigraphy of the caldera fill and resurgent structure, as well as on petrology and architecture of shallow structural levels (0-500 m depth), whereas the ICDP component should be designed to understand the rock-fluid properties, physical-chemical processes and the geothermal system at deeper structural levels (0-3000 m depth). Onshore drilling of a pilot hole has already been completed, enlightening many new results which shed completely new light on the volcanic history and on the extension and mechanisms of the caldera itself. The joint drilling project is hence based on solid grounds and can certainly become a key for a large step forwards in the knowledge of caldera dynamics and eruption prediction.
19 pags., 14 figs., 3 tabs. ; A γ-ray spectroscopic study of Po212 was performed at the Grand Accélérateur National d'Ions Lourds, using the inverse kinematics α-transfer reaction C12(Pb208,Po212)Be8 and the AGATA spectrometer. A careful analysis based on γγ coincidence relations allowed us to establish 14 new excited states in the energy range between 1.9 and 3.3 MeV. None of these states, however, can be considered as candidates for the levels with spins and parities of 1- and 2- and excitation energies below 2.1 MeV, which have been predicted by recent α-cluster model calculations. A systematic comparison of the experimentally established excitation scheme of Po212 with shell-model calculations was performed. This comparison suggests that the six states with excitation energies (spins and parities) of 1744 (4-), 1751 (8-), 1787 (6-), 1946 (4-), 1986 (8-), and 2016 (6-) keV, which previously were interpreted as α-cluster states, may in fact be of positive parity and belong to low-lying shell-model multiplets. This reinterpretation of the structure of Po212 is supported by experimental information with respect to the linear polarization of γ rays, which suggests a magnetic character of the 432-keV γ ray decaying from the state at an excitation energy of 1787 keV to the 61+ yrast state, and exclusive reaction cross sections. ; This project has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Grant Agreement No. 654002 and FEDER funds. We furthermore acknowledge support from the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia, Inovación y Universidades under contracts FPA2014-57196-C5, FPA2017-84756-C4, and SEV-2014-0398, the Generalitat Valenciana under Grant No. PROMETEO/2019/005, the Swedish Research Council (Vetenskapsrådet, VR 2016-3969), and the German BMBF under Contracts No. 05P18PKFN9 and No. 05P19PKFNA. ; Peer reviewed
