Résumé La médecine du xx e siècle a été transformée par un foisonnement de découvertes scientifiques et d'innovations techniques. Est-elle pour autant devenue véritablement scientifique ? Comment les médecins et chirurgiens de cette époque ont-ils perçu cette science très présente dans leur formation, source de nouvelles pratiques, favorisant l'éclosion de multiples spécialités et modifiant les références de leur légitimité ? Leurs récits autobiographiques, tout en évoquant ces changements, témoignent de l'ambivalence qui imprègne encore les rapports entre science et médecine.
International audience ; Science is increasingly part of the public domain: scientific controversies, previously well protected from the public eye by the tacit rules which organize scientific communities since the XVIIth century, are more and more open to public inquisitiveness. There is a growing interdependence between science and politics. Political decisions must rely on scientific expertise while scientific and technological options and choices are evermore subject to political bargaining. The debate on climate change and global warming is a good example of this new direction in science history (history of science). This paper will deal with the most recent media events concerning the "climategate" in France. We shall start with the analysis of Claude Allègre's L'imposture climatique ou la fausse écologie, which was published in February 2010 and triggered a number of responses of all kinds in the media. C. Allègre is a well known geophysicist and former minister of education and research in the last socialist government. His climatoskeptical views were already well known and widely discussed in the media but his book appeared as the last straw. The French community of some 400 scientists, as different from each other as the disciplines and the specialities they represent, but all involved in the French branch (GIEC) of the IPCC, published a petition against the "lies" of Claude Allègre, asking their minister, Valérie Pécresse, as their employer, to reassert the scientific status and the seriousness of their work and to prevent further public diffusion of additional "lies" by Claude Allègre and his colleague, Vincent Courtillot. Allègre's crime according to the signatories of the petition is to have published under the cover of scientific background without peer control. This petition, in turn, was followed by numerous reactions in the media, generally condemning
International audience ; Science is increasingly part of the public domain: scientific controversies, previously well protected from the public eye by the tacit rules which organize scientific communities since the XVIIth century, are more and more open to public inquisitiveness. There is a growing interdependence between science and politics. Political decisions must rely on scientific expertise while scientific and technological options and choices are evermore subject to political bargaining. The debate on climate change and global warming is a good example of this new direction in science history (history of science). This paper will deal with the most recent media events concerning the "climategate" in France. We shall start with the analysis of Claude Allègre's L'imposture climatique ou la fausse écologie, which was published in February 2010 and triggered a number of responses of all kinds in the media. C. Allègre is a well known geophysicist and former minister of education and research in the last socialist government. His climatoskeptical views were already well known and widely discussed in the media but his book appeared as the last straw. The French community of some 400 scientists, as different from each other as the disciplines and the specialities they represent, but all involved in the French branch (GIEC) of the IPCC, published a petition against the "lies" of Claude Allègre, asking their minister, Valérie Pécresse, as their employer, to reassert the scientific status and the seriousness of their work and to prevent further public diffusion of additional "lies" by Claude Allègre and his colleague, Vincent Courtillot. Allègre's crime according to the signatories of the petition is to have published under the cover of scientific background without peer control. This petition, in turn, was followed by numerous reactions in the media, generally condemning
International audience ; Science is increasingly part of the public domain: scientific controversies, previously well protected from the public eye by the tacit rules which organize scientific communities since the XVIIth century, are more and more open to public inquisitiveness. There is a growing interdependence between science and politics. Political decisions must rely on scientific expertise while scientific and technological options and choices are evermore subject to political bargaining. The debate on climate change and global warming is a good example of this new direction in science history (history of science). This paper will deal with the most recent media events concerning the "climategate" in France. We shall start with the analysis of Claude Allègre's L'imposture climatique ou la fausse écologie, which was published in February 2010 and triggered a number of responses of all kinds in the media. C. Allègre is a well known geophysicist and former minister of education and research in the last socialist government. His climatoskeptical views were already well known and widely discussed in the media but his book appeared as the last straw. The French community of some 400 scientists, as different from each other as the disciplines and the specialities they represent, but all involved in the French branch (GIEC) of the IPCC, published a petition against the "lies" of Claude Allègre, asking their minister, Valérie Pécresse, as their employer, to reassert the scientific status and the seriousness of their work and to prevent further public diffusion of additional "lies" by Claude Allègre and his colleague, Vincent Courtillot. Allègre's crime according to the signatories of the petition is to have published under the cover of scientific background without peer control. This petition, in turn, was followed by numerous reactions in the media, generally condemning
International audience ; In recent years new trends in presenting science to the public have emerged. Scientific novels (The State of Fear by Michael Crichton), science fiction movies (The day after tomorrow), drama based on science (Copenhagen by Michael Frayn) have been great international successes. The extent to and the modalities through which science is integrated within fictional narratives may vary from one piece to the other.The ways science has been, and still is, usually unsuccessfully presented to the public is largely inspired by a top/down approach of knowledge transmission (deficit model). Such an approach put the emphasis on factual results which are supposed to provide the lay audience with a new representation of the real world. The consequence of this approach is the spreading of a "scientistic ideology" which prevents people to be reflexive about such representations of the world. As a matter of fact, the authority of science makes impossible the questioning of the relation between the world and what science tells them about it.The use of fiction which only pretends to entertain us by appealing to our imagination and our ability to dream for presenting science to the public allows us to integrate more concretely the human dimension of scientific activity. It permits us to put an emphasis not so much on the results of science than on its procedures. It aims at picturing "science in the making" rather than "ready made science".The important point here is to go from an ideology which conveys tacit representations and values, which are difficult to change, to what could now genuinely be named "culture", which gives back to people the capacity to formulate their own questions about science. This is the necessary condition to the establishment of a truly democratic dialogue about science. ; Ces dernières années, de nouvelles tendances sont apparues dans la présentation de la science au public. Les romans scientifiques (State of Fear de Michael Crichton), les films de science-fiction (Le jour ...
"Ce numero special a ... pour but d'examiner quelles peuvent etre les retombees de la recherche spatiale . ... Sa vocation Wirtschaftlicher Wandel |4,8|; Nachrichtenüberl'industrie spatiale, et si les innovations technologiques qu'elle genere et qui en decoulent preuvent se justifier par l'anticipation de progres economiques et sociaux." Das Heft enthält folgende Beiträge: ++ Curien: Le temps de l'espace ++ Brachet: Les telecommunication par satellite ++ Chabreuil: Les satellites d'observation de la Terre ++ Lennertz: Le programme Meteosat ++ Lagarde: Impacts economiques de Meteosat ++ Brendle: Les effets de Meteosat sur l'industrie europeenne ++ Bouillot: Ariane ou la navette ++ Bignier: Le programme Spacelab ++ Brendel/Cohendet/Tournemine Larue de: L'impact economique des projets spatiaux europeens ++ Desseigne: Espace et industrie ++ Reuter: Une sociologie de l'espace? ++ Jurdant: De l'espace blanc au trou noir: le temps ++ Demerliac: Sortir l'Europe spatiale de la crise ++ Logsdon: L'evolution de la politique spatiale americaine de 1957 a 1980 ++ Dupas: La politique spatiale de l'Union sovietique et des pays socialistes ++ Lebeau/Reuter: Le role de l'espace dans le developpement economique ++ Arets: L'organisation spatiale europeenne.
