The Protection of Personal Information Act 4 of 2013 promotes the protection of personal information processed by public and private bodies; introduces certain conditions so as to establish minimum requirements for the processing of personal information; and makes provision for the establishment of an Information Regulator to exercise certain powers and to perform certain duties and functions in terms of this Act and the Promotion of Access to Information Act 2 of 2000.
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This White Paper on Local Government (as published under GenN 423 in Government Gazette 18739 of 13 March 1998) is unique, as it does not deal with a sectoral policy, but with an entire sphere of government. It can most be regarded as a 'mini-Constitution' for local government. Local government is the sphere of government that interacts closest with communities; is responsible for the services and infrastructure; and is tasked with ensuring growth and development of communities in a manner that enhances community participation and accountability.
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Extant literature has addressed some components of community engagement with little or no connection with the dynamics of policymaking. Hence, the current paper explains the matrix of policy-making using the practice of community engagement with insights from Cape Town Metropolitan Municipality in South Africa. It discusses the theories of community engagement in policy formulation at the local level. An empirical nature of community engagement and policy formulation is subject to analysis with particular reference to the Cape Town Metropolitan Municipality in South Africa. Secondary data were sourced from the existing literature. The paper relies on the data suitability of extant studies. It reveals the policy-making matrix within the community engagement sphere. It therefore concludes that the City of Cape Town Metropolitan Municipality should view community engagement in public policy formulation as a tool to increase the legitimacy, transparency, accountability, support, and responsiveness of a particular policy.
Some regions of the United Kingdom present more fertile grounds for consecutive incarnations of extreme right parties than others. In a study by Goodwin, Ford and Cutts the authors found evidence of the legacy effect, where an earlier cycle of activism by the National Front (NF), an extreme right political party active in the 1970s, emerged as a strong and significant predictor of membership in the British National Party (BNP) three decades later. While their study speaks to the supply-side arguments for extreme right success (organizational continuity and local cultural traditions in particular), here we examine whether a similar legacy effect can be observed with respect to demand for extreme right politics. As we are going to show there is some overlap between the share of votes cast for the NF and the BNP, yet there are a number of constituencies that do not adhere to this pattern. We conclude that while the supply-side legacy effect is not ruled out, the legacy effect hypothesis does not find support for demand-side explanation of extreme right support. ; Funding agencies: ESRC [ES/I022104/1]; Forte [2015-01200 FIIP]
Some regions of the United Kingdom present more fertile grounds for consecutive incarnations of extreme right parties than others. In a study by Goodwin et al., the authors found evidence of the legacy effect, where an earlier cycle of activism by the National Front (NF), an extreme right political party active in the 1970s, emerged as a strong and significant predictor of membership in the British National Party (BNP) three decades later. While their study speaks to the supply-side arguments for extreme right success (organizational continuity and local cultural traditions in particular), here we examine whether a similar legacy effect can be observed with respect to demand for extreme right politics. As we are going to show there is some overlap between the share of votes cast for the NF and the BNP, yet there are a number of constituencies that do not adhere to this pattern. We conclude that while the supply-side legacy effect is not ruled out, the legacy effect hypothesis does not find support for demand-side explanation of extreme right support.
This paper reviews the implementation of the accrual accounting in the entities of the Estonian public sector. It gives a brief overview of the historical development of governmental accounting theories and examines the introduction of theory-based accounting policy. It explains main problems and risks to face in connection with the accounting system change process and offers solutions. This study attempts to answer the following research question: how to gain full benefit from accounting information in public sector entities. As to general scientific research methods, mainly comparative analysis and description were used. This study reveals as follows. Firstly, approach to accrual accounting leads to financial information that fulfils needs for true and fair accounting data for decision making purposes. Secondly, reform of public sector financial accounting can improve the quality and the quantity of services provided to the citizens. Thirdly, the Estonian accounting regulation has recently succeeded a remarkable evolution. Fourthly, considerable problems that need to be solved have arisen from the process of the transition to the accrual basis accounting. The given study does not touch upon the development of budgeting systems for public sector entities. Hopefully, this study will contribute to further optimization of accounting systems and management tools for public sector entities in Estonia. Therefore, it will contribute to economic growth and development of business environment. Studies carried out by independent researchers on the move to accrual based accounting in public sector entities are relatively scarce.
This paper reviews the implementation of the accrual accounting in the entities of the Estonian public sector. It gives a brief overview of the historical development of governmental accounting theories and examines the introduction of theory-based accounting policy. It explains main problems and risks to face in connection with the accounting system change process and offers solutions. This study attempts to answer the following research question: how to gain full benefit from accounting information in public sector entities. As to general scientific research methods, mainly comparative analysis and description were used. This study reveals as follows. Firstly, approach to accrual accounting leads to financial information that fulfils needs for true and fair accounting data for decision making purposes. Secondly, reform of public sector financial accounting can improve the quality and the quantity of services provided to the citizens. Thirdly, the Estonian accounting regulation has recently succeeded a remarkable evolution. Fourthly, considerable problems that need to be solved have arisen from the process of the transition to the accrual basis accounting. The given study does not touch upon the development of budgeting systems for public sector entities. Hopefully, this study will contribute to further optimization of accounting systems and management tools for public sector entities in Estonia. Therefore, it will contribute to economic growth and development of business environment. Studies carried out by independent researchers on the move to accrual based accounting in public sector entities are relatively scarce.
This paper reviews the implementation of the accrual accounting in the entities of the Estonian public sector. It gives a brief overview of the historical development of governmental accounting theories and examines the introduction of theory-based accounting policy. It explains main problems and risks to face in connection with the accounting system change process and offers solutions. This study attempts to answer the following research question: how to gain full benefit from accounting information in public sector entities. As to general scientific research methods, mainly comparative analysis and description were used. This study reveals as follows. Firstly, approach to accrual accounting leads to financial information that fulfils needs for true and fair accounting data for decision making purposes. Secondly, reform of public sector financial accounting can improve the quality and the quantity of services provided to the citizens. Thirdly, the Estonian accounting regulation has recently succeeded a remarkable evolution. Fourthly, considerable problems that need to be solved have arisen from the process of the transition to the accrual basis accounting. The given study does not touch upon the development of budgeting systems for public sector entities. Hopefully, this study will contribute to further optimization of accounting systems and management tools for public sector entities in Estonia. Therefore, it will contribute to economic growth and development of business environment. Studies carried out by independent researchers on the move to accrual based accounting in public sector entities are relatively scarce.
Maģistra darba "Teātris 20.gs. 60.gadu Latvijas sabiedriskajā dzīvē (pēc preses materiāliem)" izstrādē tika izvirzīts mērķis pētīt teātra un sabiedrības attiecības minētajā laika posmā. Kā pētījuma avots galvenokārt izmantoti preses materiāli. Tiek apskatīta teātra vieta un loma 60.gadu politiskās dzīves un kultūras politikas kontekstā. Pirmkārt, uzmanība tika pievērsta teātra īpašajai lomai un nozīmei, kādu tam tika ierādīta padomju ideoloģiskajā sistēmā. Darbā tika risināti vairāki teorētiskie uzdevumi. To izsaka atslēgvārdi – sociālistiskais reālisms, internacionālisms, tautiskums, partejiskums, vēsturiskums kā teātra mākslai izvirzītie principi vai metodes. Tiek atklāts teātra mākslas ideoloģiskā pasūtījuma mehānisms. Tiek pētīta arī teātra mākslinieciskā attīstība 60.gadu gaitā. Darbā tiek izdarīti secinājumi, ka teātra darbība neatbilda padomju ideoloģiskajām nostādnēm. Teātra attīstība 60.gadu gaitā ieguva aizvien lielāku neatkarību no šīm ideoloģiskajām nostādnēm un risināja sabiedrībai aktuālas problēmas. Attīstījās demokrātiskās pasaules teātrim radniecīgas formas. Atslēgvārdi ir intelektuālais teātris, dokumentālā drāma, poētiskais teātris. 60.gadu beigās teātris ieguva lielu popularitāti sabiedrībā un nodrošināja nacionālās kultūras kontinuitāti, kā arī nacionālo vērtību saglabāšanu. ; Master's thesis "Theater, 20th 60's, in Latvian public life (by press materials)" set the objective to study the theater and public relations in that period. Press materials are primarily used as the source of the study. Theaters place and role is viewed in context of political life and cultural policy in the 60's. First, attention was paid to the special role and significance of the theater in the Soviet ideological system. The paper addressed several theoretical challenges. It is expressed in keywords - socialist realism, internationalism, national identity, partism, Historicism like the principles or methods put forward to the histrionics. Theater arts ideological order mechanism is revealed. Theaters artistic development during 60's is also studied. The paper thus concludes that the operation of the theater did not meet the Soviet ideological positions. Theater development during 60's gained more and more independence from these ideological positions and addressed issues topical for society. Related forms of democratic world theater evolved. Keywords are the intellectual theater, documentary drama, poetic theater. At the end of the 60's theater gained wide popularity in society and ensured the continuity of national culture, as well as the preservation of national values.
