Suchergebnisse

The field of social work pathologizes marginalized cultures by neglecting to explicitly identify cultural factors in the lives of women with systemic privilege due to race, class, and sexual orientation. This article discusses the importance of examining privilege as a strategy for advancing cultural competency in the treatment of battered women. Cultural factors in the lives of White European-American, middle-class, heterosexual women in intimate partnerships with men who share their privileges, referred to as "dominant culture women," are explored. Additional scholarship which identifies cultural factors placing this population at risk is needed to advance cultural competency in domestic violence interventions.

Preventing the use of performance enhancing drugs in sport has long been a concern for policymakers. In the United States, amidst national attention the state of Texas constructed the country's largest steroid testing program for high school athletes. However, resource allocation steadily declined until the program was defunded in 2015. Using escalation of commitment theory as a framework, this conceptual paper examines the critical, but less studied, role of politics and de-escalation behavior that directed this distinct sport situation. By combining policy and media documents with the academic literature, this paper allows for a greater understanding of how the steroid testing program was formulated and implemented, which may influence how policymakers address steroids among amateur athletes in the future. This paper also offers new opportunities for future research by highlighting a new sport context in which escalation of commitment theory applies and specifically noting the significant role politics can play in escalation or de-escalation decision making.

Up to now in Germany there does not exist a total diet study (TDS) that will allow the assessment of exposure due to chemicals on a national level. Fortunately, this data gap can be partly closed by the extensive national food monitoring. Thus, national exposure assessments as done by the Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) mainly rely on matched data from the food monitoring and food surveys. The German approach using data from food monitoring will be demonstrated using the example of dietary cadmium intake. It can be seen that for cadmium both German approach and TDS can be applied to determine background exposure. Even if the German food monitoring approach does not cover processed contaminants, one advantage is the larger sample size also for rare consumed foods. Furthermore, it enables to support risk managers by providing information on contribution of single food categories on the level of disaggregation that is compatible to several legislations. Considering the diversity of purposes of risk assessments and relevant contaminants as well as being aware of the advantages of both concepts it can be concluded that both approaches should ideally complement each other