Suchergebnisse

Türkiye'de 1950'lilerde başlayan ve artan bir oranda devam eden şehirleşme ile birlikte kır ve kent arası ekonomik kalkınma farklılıkları, kırsal kalkınma alanında özellikle 1980'ler sonrası benimsenen neo-liberal uygulamalar ve refah politikalarındaki zayıflama, beraberinde sivil toplum kuruluşlarının hem kente göç edenlerin kentlerdeki sosyo-ekonomik uyumlarına olumlu etkilerinin hem de katılımcı kırsal dönüşüm ile ilgili rollerinin ön plana çıkmasına sebep olmuştur. Literatürde özellikle 'hemşehri dernekleri' gerek uluslararası gerekse iç göç bağlamında göçmenlere ve göç veren bölgelere olan sosyo-ekonomik katkıları sebebiyle konu edilmiştir. Türkiye gibi iç göçün süreklilik gösterdiği bir ülkede 'kırsal kalkınmanın yeni girişimcileri' rolünü üstlenen bu kuruluşlara dair veriler ayrıca önem taşımaktadır. Bu çalışma ile Türkiye'deki hemşehri derneklerinin 2016 yılında il bazındaki dağılımlarına dair verinin sunumu ile birlikte Türkiye'de bu derneklere dair yapılan akademik araştırmalar özetlenmektedir. Bu veriler bize kente göç edenlerin sivil toplum kuruluşu bağlamında sahip oldukları sosyal sermaye birikimine dair de bilgi vermektedir.Hometown Associations in Turkey as of 2016Rapid urbanisation and rural-urban development gap as well as neo-liberal and weakened welfare policies give increasing importance to NGOs for their positive impact on socio-economic integration of immigrants and participatory rural transformation. Hometown associations (HTAs), in particular, receive special consideration in the literature. Data on HTAs -considered the new entrepreneurs of rural development- are especially important in Turkey with continuous internal migration. This study presents a literature review of academic research on HTAs in the country and province-level data on the number of these institutions in 2016. Expectedly, HTAs in Turkey are mainly concentrated in cities with highest migrant inflows such as İstanbul, Ankara and Izmir. Highest number of HTAs, however, are established by emigrants from Sivas, Ankara and Erzurum while emigrants from Hakkari, Yalova, Kilis and Şırnak are behind lowest number of HTAs. The presented data also shed light on social capital accumulation of rural-to-urban migrants in the country.

There are around 3 million Turkish origin migrants in Germany and 400 thousand in France who have already raised their third generations. Nowadays they are even being named with their hyphenated identities, such as German-Turks and French-Turks. In the meantime, they encounter various obstacles in everyday life due to the stigmatization and securitization of migration and Islam. This is why their integration into the receiving societies is of great importance, as better social cohesion helps nurture the economic, political and social contribution of migrants to their countries of settlement. Using the data derived from a recent micro-level survey on Turkish-origin immigrants residing in Germany and France, the determinants of their social affiliations and employment probability as well as the impact of citizenship acquisition on their socio-economic integration will be analyzed in this article.

There are around 3 million Turkish origin migrants in Germany and 400 thousand in France who have already raised their third generations. Nowadays they are even being named with their hyphenated identities, such as German-Turks and French-Turks. In the meantime, they encounter various obstacles in everyday life due to the stigmatization and securitization of migration and Islam. This is why their integration into the receiving societies is of great importance, as better social cohesion helps nurture the economic, political and social contribution of migrants to their countries of settlement. Using the data derived from a recent micro-level survey on Turkish-origin immigrants residing in Germany and France, the determinants of their social affiliations and employment probability as well as the impact of citizenship acquisition on their socio-economic integration will be analyzed in this article.

The aim of this paper is to transcend the long-standing depiction that workers universally participate in the undeclared service economy out of necessity due to their exclusion from the formal labour market, by proposing and evaluating the existence of a dual undeclared labour market in the service sector composed of an 'upper-tier' of voluntary exit-driven and 'lower-tier' of exclusion-driven undeclared service sector workers. Reporting a 2019 Eurobarometer survey conducted in 28 European countries, a dual labour market in the undeclared service economy is validated. Three-quarters of undeclared service workers report either purely exit- or exclusion driven rationales. For every lower tier undeclared service worker, 6.7 are in the upper tier, with those in the voluntary exit-driven upper tier more likely to be older, self-employed, having spent time in full-time education, and to be living in Western Europe and Nordic countries. The theoretical and policy implications are then discussed.

Conventionally, those engaging in tax non-compliance are explained as rational economic actors doing so when the benefits outweigh the costs. However, many individuals are still compliant to their tax regimes even when the pay-off from tax evasion is greater than the costs. The result is the emergence of a social actor perspective that gives primacy to tax morale when explaining tax non-compliance. Through the lens of neo-institutionalist theory, this approach argues that citizens behave in ways that reflect the normative, cultural-cognitive and regulatory rules of their institutional environments. To test this theory, we have analyzed a representative micro survey of 2,528 citizens in Turkey. The finding we have obtained in this paper using an econometric analysis is that high tax morale is significantly more likely when there is trust in government (the normative dimension), feeling of belonging to the nation (the cultural-cognitive dimension) and perceptions of the risk and severity of punishment (regulatory-instrumental dimension). It displays the importance of the tax morale approach when explaining and tackling tax non-compliance in Turkey.

The coronavirus pandemic has led to a loss of revenues for enterprises and workers due to workplace closures and restrictions on movement to 'flatten the curve'. In response, governments have made available temporary financial support to enterprises and workers affected. This paper evaluates a group currently excluded from this support, namely enterprises and workers in the undeclared economy, and a possible government policy response. To identify those involved, a 2019 Eurobarometer survey of undeclared work in Europe is reported. This reveals that one in every 132 European citizens relies wholly on undeclared earnings and the sectors and population groups involved. Given their reduced revenues and inability to access the temporary financial support, a voluntary disclosure initiative is recommended which brings undeclared enterprises and workers into the declared economy and onto the radar of state authorities by offering access to this temporary financial support if they disclose their previous undeclared work.

Purpose
Until now, there has been scant evidence on the proportion and characteristics of employees working without a written contract or terms of employment. To begin to fill this gap, the purpose of this paper is to evaluate the prevalence and distribution of employees without written contracts or terms of employment in the European Union (EU), examining whether they are unevenly distributed across countries and EU regions, and whether it is vulnerable population groups who are more likely to be without such written contracts.


Design/methodology/approach
A 2013 Eurobarometer survey comprising 11,025 face-to-face interviews with employees in the 28 member states of the EU (EU-28) is reported.


Findings
The finding is that it is less socio-demographic and socio-economic characteristics, and more firm size, institutional environment and spatial factors that are important in explaining the prevalence of employment without a written contract. Thus, governments should address not individuals but rather the formal institutional failings and asymmetry between civic and state morality, in order to reduce the level of employment without a written contract, and focus their attention on smaller firms, larger towns and Southern European countries, especially Cyprus, Malta and Portugal.


Research limitations/implications
Future research needs to evaluate whether and how the conditions of employment (e.g. wage rates, health and safety conditions, holiday entitlements) of employees without written contracts or terms of employment differ to their equivalents who have written contracts or terms of employment. This will reveal the implications of workers not being issued with written contracts or terms of employment.


Originality/value
This is one of the first extensive evaluations of the prevalence and distribution of employees without written contracts or terms of employment.

In recent years, participants in the informal economy have started to be viewed less as rational economic actors who engage in the informal economy when the pay-off is greater than the expected cost of being caught and punished, and more as social actors who engage when their tax morale (i.e., motivation to pay taxes) is low. To evaluate this new social actor approach and the implications for tackling the informal economy, this paper reports evidence from 41,689 face-to-face interviews conducted across the European Union. Multilevel logistic regression analysis reveals a strong association between participation in the informal economy and the level of tax morale. Finding that higher tax morale (and thus lower participation in the informal economy) is strongly correlated at the country-level with greater levels of state intervention and at the individual-level with characteristics such as gender, age, education and employment status, the outcome is to confirm a structuralist political economy explanation and refute the modernization and neo-liberal explanations and remedies, as well as to uncover the importance of some policy solutions not considered until now, including older citizens mentoring of younger people, and improving women's participation in the labour force.