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The uncooperative behavior of grade-school children during dental treatment was examined. Forty children enrolled in a government dental program were observed during treatment conditions involving instructions concerning the appropriate behavior required by the dental practitioner, description of the objective procedures and subjective experience the child could expect, praise for appropriate behavior, and a colorful stamp for coming to the clinic. Eight of these children whose behavior was still too disruptive for effective dentistry were formally introduced to additional intervention procedures of tangible consequences for cooperative behavior, and observation of peers and by peers during actual dental treatment. Within a multiple baseline design, the intervention conditions were effective in decreasing the children's uncooperative behavior to acceptable levels.

This study proposes a shift in sociology's approach to urban ecology. Rather than foreground the social ecologies that captivated the Chicago and Los Angeles Schools, we join and extend more recent efforts to engage environmental ecologies that successively intersect with those social ecologies over time. To ground our approach, we focus on areas of urban flooding where federally subsidized buyouts of residential properties have occurred over recent decades. Drawing on data from Houston, Texas, we locate where these buyout zones have emerged and how their social ecologies have changed in ways that feed back to influence the number of local buyouts that occur. Results indicate that Houston's buyout zones have an identifiable social ecology that has shifted over time, primarily from white to Hispanic working-class settlement as the city has grown and become more racially and ethnically diverse. Results also show that the extent to which this racial succession has occurred powerfully predicts subsequent numbers of buyouts in the area. Implications for developing an enhanced urban ecology for the twenty-first century are discussed.

AbstractThe two key aspects of water infrastructure – engineered and human – in mid-nineteenth-century Rio de Janeiro are the foci of this article. On the one hand, gravity flow engineering brought fresh water from the Tijuca Forest to the fountains in the city, but on the other, hundreds of slaves carried heavy jugs of water from the fountains though the streets to residences. Using the account of Thomas Ewbank (1856), georeferenced historical maps and a field study, this article first reconstructs the route of the Carioca Aqueduct, then, using the accounts of Ewbank and other travellers, turns to the delivery of water in the city by enslaved water carriers.

The Unites States' first space systems programs, to include launch, ground, and space segments and their associated infrastructure, were initially developed to meet the requirements of the strategic users. Since the 1991 Gulf War, there has been a growing dependence on the capabilities and support delivered by those programs to meet requirements of non-strategic users. The current National Security Space (NSS) architecture makes it rather difficult and challenging for all but critical strategic users to fully capitalize on the available assets. Timelines that were once adequate to deliver strategic capabilities are now not sufficient to allow a broader range of users to realize the benefit from using the available space systems. In addition, the non-strategic users run into challenges when they attempt to change the tasking requirements that would enable them to receive associated products / services that are useful and timely. With the identified gaps in the current NSS environment, the Integrated Product Team (IPT), consisting of ten active duty military students, sought solutions to make space more Operationally Responsive to its customers by 2025. Due to limited time and assets, the IPT narrowed the focus of the project to the four Joint Publication (JP) 3-14 Joint Doctrine for Space Operations mission areas of Space Support, Space Control, Force Enhancement, and Force Application. During this project, the IPT defined Operationally Responsive Space (ORS) from its perspective, developed the requirements to meet the identified NSS gaps, selected the final alternatives to satisfy those requirements, and suggested an implementation plan. While in the architecture process, the IPT conducted an in-depth evaluation of the original [61] alternatives based on Responsiveness, Risk, Capability, and Cost. After building a foundation for further analysis, a total of 16 alternatives were chosen for the final ORS architecture. The IPT's leading alternative that provided the most responsiveness was to create a Single Space Agency. The other alternatives range from establishing joint ventures with other countries to developing hypersonic lift vehicles to transport troops and supplies. A detailed list of the Sweet Sixteen can be found in Appendix E.