Suchergebnisse

Since the 2008 financial crisis, the topic about the relation of public revenues on the expenditures in affecting fiscal sustainability has received particular attentions by several economists. For this reason, it is necessary to investigate revenue and expenditures relationship for Turkey. In this paper, the empirical relationship between two variables has been investigated by providing econometric models. First, we employed classic and structural break unit roots. After determining the level of unit root of mentioned series, the study found evidence of a cointegration relation between the government revenues and expenditures by employing Bounds test approach. Then, ARDL method was used with the aim of examining the short and long-run coefficients of co-integration relations. According to Bounds Test results, two variable was found to be a cointegrated. The findings of the ARDL method revealed that the change in public sector revenues have significant impact on public sector expenditures. This study provided the evidence of financial sustainability of expenditures with government revenues which can be supported the concept of fiscal sustainability in Turkey. ; Since the 2008 financial crisis, the topic about the relation of public revenues on the expenditures in affecting fiscal sustainability has received particular attentions by several economists. For this reason, it is necessary to investigate revenue and expenditures relationship for Turkey. In this paper, the empirical relationship between two variables has been investigated by providing econometric models. First, we employed classic and structural break unit roots. After determining the level of unit root of mentioned series, the study found evidence of a cointegration relation between the government revenues and expenditures by employing Bounds test approach. Then, ARDL method was used with the aim of examining the short and long-run coefficients of co-integration relations. According to Bounds Test results, two variable was found to be a cointegrated. The findings of the ARDL method revealed that the change in public sector revenues have significant impact on public sector expenditures. This study provided the evidence of financial sustainability of expenditures with government revenues which can be supported the concept of fiscal sustainability in Turkey.

Sustainable development is an approach to manufacturing and the transportation of goods and services in ways that respond to basic human needs and bring a better quality of life, while minimizing the use of natural resources, toxic materials and emissions of waste and pollutants over a life cycle. Changes that occur in the production period of goods due to the influence of technological developments make linear relationships between vocational education and sustainable development more important. Education and training relationships between sustainable developments is a process. It is a process of incorporating considerations that impact the long-term future of the economy, ecology and society into vocational education and training. In this paper we aim to define sustainable development and vocational education . By focusing on the Turkish vocational educational system and its contribution to sustainable development. This paper points the differences of vocational education structures in European Union Nations And Turkey during the period of 2000 - 2009. According to results of this comparison; vocational education is most widespread in Germany, United Kingdom and Denmark. Turkey has the lowest rate in vocational education student enrollments. In a conclusion the sustainability of vocational training in Turkey is likely to continue to be problematic. Governments can do more to support the sustainability of these skills development systems and need to pay attention to both public and private vocational training and education . In terms of theoretical literature vocational education is vital for combatting the youth unemployment .Turkish politicians must invest on vocational education centers to improve youth peoples employment.

This paper discusses the determinants of Japan's declining fertility rate from 1973 to 2008. We examine various economic factors: GDP per capita, infant mortality rates, female labour participation, cost of education, and urbanization and find that these variables are cointegrated. We discover that GDP per capita has a negative relationship with fertility rates and a 1% increase in GDP per capita leads to a decrease in fertility by 2.1%. In addition, we discover that female labour participation shows an unexpected positive relationship to fertility suggesting that their financial contribution to the family has lowered the cost of child rearing.