Suchergebnisse

The 1949 Geneva Conventions and their 1977 Additional Protocols require
States Parties to disseminate the content of these humanitarian treaties as
widely as possible in their respective countries. Of course, their inclusion
in military instruction is indispensable to ensure their implementation in
time of armed conflict. But it is equally important to promote knowledge of
humanitarian law among those whom it is intended to protect — the civilian
population — as well as among those who have to apply it — public officials
of various ministries. At the same time, political leaders and
decision-makers must also be familiar with that law, so that they are aware
of its relevance, realism and mode of operation if and when a conflict
should break out. Therefore, to ensure respect for it — and also to promote
its development — it is an essential task to include international
humanitarian law in higher education. The ICRC has taken a number of steps
to achieve just that in the South Asian region.

"This book presents the socio-cultural and historical trajectories of the Deccan plateau as well as the coastal areas of the current states of Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Goa. It studies the art of diplomacy by discussing the diplomatic relations between the Marathas and various European companies, as well as the indigenous regional states. The author also probes into the Maratha naval policy, the evolution of a composite Deccani culture and the cultural flux that was taking place within the Maratha country. Through an interdisciplinary lens, the volume examines how caste and gender relations operated, how the idea of dissent was generated as well as the socio-political impact of various linguistic, ethnic and religious groups. Through a study of monuments, sculpture and paintings prevalent in the region, the book also discusses the developments in art and architecture in the Deccan. Rich in archival sources, this book is a must read for scholars and researchers of Indian history, colonial history, South Asian history, Maratha history, and history in general"--

Part I. Protected Values -- Chapter 1. Humanity -- Chapter 2. Self-determination of Peoples -- Chapter 3. International Rule of Law -- Chapter 4. The Common Heritage of Mankind -- Chapter 5. Human Rights: Between Universalism and Relativism -- Part II. Law -- Chapter 6. The Use of Force in International Law -- Chapter 7. The UN Security Council: from Preserving State Sovereignty to Protecting Humanity -- Chapter 8. UN Security Council Sanctions and International Peace and Secutiry: Context, Controversies and (Legal) Challenges -- Chapter 9. Peace(keeping) Operations: Soldiers without Enemies? -- Chapter 10. The Status of Forces Agreements -- Chapter 11. International Human Rights Law -- Chapter 12. Direct Participation in Hostilities -- Chapter 13. The Conduct of Hostilities -- Chapter 14. Chemical Weapons -- Chapter 15. Nuclear Weapons -- Chapter 16. Blinding Laser Weapons -- Chapter 17. Fuel Air Explosive Weapons -- Chapter 18. Current Issues of The Hague Law -- Chapter 19. Military Space Operations -- Chapter 20. The Protection of the Environment and Natural Resources in Armed Conflict -- Chapter 21. The Protection of Cultural Property in Armed Conflict and Occupation -- Chapter 22. Transnational and International Criminal Law -- Chapter 23. International Anti-Corruption Law -- Chapter 24. The Due Diligence Obligations of International Organisations Engaged in Disaster Management -- Part III: Institutions -- Chapter 25. Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) -- Chapter 26. European Union (EU): Security, Conflict and Migration -- Chapter 27. Association of East Asian Nations (ASEAN) -- Chapter 28. Collective Security Treaty Organisation (CSTO) -- Chapter 29. Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) -- Chapter 30. Other "Hybrid" Tribunals -- Chapter 31. Post-Conflict Justice Mechanisms -- Chapter 32. INTERPOL -- Chapter 33. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) -- Chapter 34. United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) -- Chapter 35. World Health Organisation (WHO) -- Chapter 36. United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) -- Chapter 37. International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement -- Chapter 38. Human Rights and Humanitarian NGOs -- Part IV. Challenges -- Chapter 39. Climate Change and Armed Conflict -- Chapter 40. Poaching and Wildlife Trafficking as a Threat to International Peace and Security -- Chapter. 41. The Use of Force in Pursuance of the Right to Self-Determination -- Chapter 42. The African Region´s Pushback against Mercenaries -- Chapter 43. International Humanitarian Protection to Disabled and Elderly People in Armed Conflict Zones. Chapter 44. The Politics of International Justice -- Chapter 45. Poverty -- Part V. Crimes -- Chapter 46. Genocide -- Chapter 47. Crimes against Humanity -- Chapter 48. The Crime of Apartheid.-Chapter 49. War Crimes -- Chapter 50. The Crime of Aggression: The Fall of the Supreme International Crime? -- Chapter 51. Military Ecocide -- Chapter 52. Religious Extremism -- Chapter 53. Human Smuggling and Human Trafficking -- Chapter 54. Organised Crime -- Part VI. Case Studies -- Chapter 55. Cambodia -- Chapter 56. Myanmar -- Chapter 57. Northern Cyprus -- Chapter 58. Former Yugoslavia -- Chapter 59. Northern Ireland: The Right to Life, Victim Mobilisation, and the Legacy of Conflict -- Chapter 60. The "War on Terror" -- Chapter 61.Jihad Misplaced for Terrorism: An Overview of the Boko Haram Crisis from Islamic and International Humanitarian Law Perspectives -- Chapter 62. Accountability of Religious Actors for CConflicts Motivated by Religion -- Chapter 63. The Children vs The Church: Human Rights and the Holy See in the Sex Abuse Crisis -- Chapter 64. The Role of International Law in the Prevention and Resolution of Possible Conflicts over Water in Central Asia: A Comparative Study with Special Reference to the European Union (EU). .

Aims In patients with heart failure (HF), hospitalization rates are increasing, particularly for non-HF causes and over half may be avoidable. Self-monitoring of symptoms plays a key part in the early identification of deterioration. Our objective was to develop expert consensus for a core outcome set (COS) of symptoms to be monitored by patients, using validated single-item patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), focused on the key priority of reducing admissions in HF. Methods and results A rigorous COS development process incorporating systematic review, modified e-Delphi and nominal group technique (NGT) methods. Participants included 24 HF patients, 4 carers, 29 HF nurses, and 9 doctors. In three Delphi and NGT rounds, participants rated potential outcomes on their importance before a HF or a non-HF admission using a 5-point Likert scale. Opinion change between rounds was assessed and a two-thirds threshold was used for outcome selection. Item generation using systematic review identified 100 validated single-item PROMs covering 34 symptoms or signs, relevant to admission for people with HF. De-duplication and formal consensus processes, resulted in a COS comprising eight symptoms and signs; shortness of breath, arm or leg swelling, abdomen bloating, palpitations, weight gain, chest pain, anxiety, and overall health. In the NGT, a numerical rating scale was selected as the optimal approach to symptom monitoring. Conclusion Recognition of a range of HF-specific and general symptoms, alongside comorbidities, is an important consideration for admission prevention. Further work is needed to validate and integrate the COS in routine care with the aim of facilitating faster identification of clinical deterioration. [GRAPHICS] . ; Funding Agencies|National Institute for Health ResearchNational Institute for Health Research (NIHR) [NIHR-300111]

Background: A strong and self confident primary care workforce can deliver the highest quality care and outcomes equitably and cost effectively. To meet the increasing demands being made of it, primary care needs its own thriving research culture and knowledge base. Methods: Review of recent developments supporting primary care clinical research. Results: Primary care research has benefited from a small group of passionate leaders and significant investment in recent decades in some countries. Emerging from this has been innovation in research design and focus, although less is known of the effect on research output. Conclusion: Primary care research is now well placed to lead a broad re-vitalisation of academic medicine, answering questions of relevance to practitioners, patients, communities and Government. Key areas for future primary care research leaders to focus on include exposing undergraduates early to primary care research, integrating this early exposure with doctoral and postdoctoral research career support, further expanding cross disciplinary approaches, and developing useful measures of output for future primary care research investment.