Suchergebnisse

A common learning goal of law-related courses taught in sociology classrooms is for students to gain an understanding of the sociological approach to law. This approach emphasizes viewing law as a social process and studying law by analyzing both legal and nonlegal phenomena. A challenge to students' achievement of this learning goal is their preconceived notions of law as an inherently impartial and closed system. This note details a series of writing assignments that guide students to analyze law from varying perspectives and to reflect on how differing perspectives impact differing approaches to sociolegal problems. A review of assessment data and student feedback suggests that these assignments increase students' understanding of the sociological approach to law, strengthen their ability to critically evaluate analytical approaches, and solidify their ability to bridge connections between law and other sociological concepts and theories.

This article extends Suttles' (1972) theory of the defended neighborhood by applying the framework to a contemporary context and exploring the social processes that residents of a diverse community used to defend their neighborhood from change. Drawing on data from an ethnography of Beverly—a stably diverse, highly efficacious, upper middle–class neighborhood on Chicago's far southwest side—I identify and examine three defensive processes used by residents: cultivating neighbors and a culture of surveillance, demarcating and enforcing boundaries, and the creation of an insider housing market. I show how residents employed these neighborhood defense processes to maintain desirable conditions and stable diversity in their community. Defensive processes, however, also resulted in collateral consequences for Black residents, who experienced more scrutiny and surveillance than did White residents. These findings demonstrate how residents' defensive processes can promote neighborhood stability, but may also result in the social exclusion of perceived outsiders including their own neighbors.

Im Laufe der letzten zwanzig Jahre sind über einhundert Monographien zu den Besonderheiten der japanischen Jugendlichen erschienen, wobei häufig neue Sozialisationstypen, wie der so genannte "Moratorien-Mensch", die "Außerirdischen" oder der weit über Japans Grenzen hinaus bekannt gewordene "shinjinrui", eine ganz "neue Art des Menschen", herausgestellt wurden. Bilden solchermaßen charakterisierte Jugendliche, die in ihrer eigenen realitätsarmen Welt leben, aber tatsächlich die Mehrheit der jungen Japanerinnen und Japaner? Diese und weitere Fragen, wie z.B. die nach dem Wandel von Jugendtypen, zu beantworten, ist das Anliegen des vorliegenden Beitrags. Es werden zunächst die wichtigsten Ergebnisse der Grundlagenstudie für die Stadt Tokyo skizziert und im Hinblick auf Veränderungen zwischen 1976 und 1997 analysiert. Im Rahmen einer Befragung von in Tokyo lebenden 15- bis 29-jährigen jungen Frauen und Männern wird anschließend die Entwicklung des Bildungsniveaus, der Beschäftigungsform, des Einkommens, der Familienstruktur, der zwischenmenschlichen Beziehungen, der Zufriedenheit mit dem Lebensstil und der Wertorientierungen untersucht, wobei vier Jugendtypen voneinander unterschieden werden: der solide Jugendtyp, der bequeme Jugendtyp, der frustrierte Jugendtyp und der unabhängige Jugendtyp. Abschließend werden Überlegungen angestellt, welche Art von Maßnahmen ergriffen werden sollten, um die soziale Kompetenz von Jugendlichen zu stärken. (ICI2)

Im Laufe der letzten zwanzig Jahre sind über einhundert Monographien zu den Besonderheiten der japanischen Jugendlichen erschienen, wobei häufig neue Sozialisationstypen, wie der so genannte "Moratorien-Mensch", die "Außerirdischen" oder der weit über Japans Grenzen hinaus bekannt gewordene "shinjinrui", eine ganz "neue Art des Menschen", herausgestellt wurden. Bilden solchermaßen charakterisierte Jugendliche, die in ihrer eigenen realitätsarmen Welt leben, aber tatsächlich die Mehrheit der jungen Japanerinnen und Japaner? Diese und weitere Fragen, wie z. B. die nach dem Wandel von Jugendtypen, zu beantworten, ist das Anliegen des vorliegenden Beitrags. Es werden zunächst die wichtigsten Ergebnisse der Grundlagenstudie für die Stadt Tokyo skizziert und im Hinblick auf Veränderungen zwischen 1976 und 1997 analysiert. Im Rahmen einer Befragung von in Tokyo lebenden 15- bis 29-jährigen jungen Frauen und Männern wird anschließend die Entwicklung des Bildungsniveaus, der Beschäftigungsform, des Einkommens, der Familienstruktur, der zwischenmenschlichen Beziehungen, der Zufriedenheit mit dem Lebensstil und der Wertorientierungen untersucht, wobei vier Jugendtypen voneinander unterschieden werden: der solide Jugendtyp, der bequeme Jugendtyp, der frustrierte Jugendtyp und der unabhängige Jugendtyp. Abschließend werden Überlegungen angestellt, welche Art von Maßnahmen ergriffen werden sollten, um die soziale Kompetenz von Jugendlichen zu stärken. (ICI2).

In the past few years, diabetes-related stigma has rapidly gained attention around the world. Many studies, including our study, show that a diabetes population is globally impacted by disease-specific stigma across age, gender, educational levels, employment status, and race/ethnicity. However, it still remains unclear whether some of these socioeconomic factors are more influential in terms of the social vulnerability of the exposed individuals with type 2 diabetes. Understanding how diabetes-related stigma influences patients through these socioeconomic and racial/ethnic factors, and how these impacts vary according to different patient populations would help us gain a further understanding of diabetes-related stigma as a whole. Thus, most importantly, we should establish a comprehensive, coherent study design (e.g., cross-regional study, cross-national study), identify more vulnerable patient populations, and tackle diabetes-related stigma in collaborative efforts with patients, clinicians, researchers, academic societies, governments, and all involved parties around the globe.

comparing more than eight decades of anti-marijuana rhetoric shows how both anti-drug crusader harry j. anslinger and current attorney general jeff sessions fashioned themselves into national-level moral entrepreneurs.

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified more than 80 susceptibility loci for type 2 diabetes (T2D), but most of its heritability still remains to be elucidated. In this study, we conducted a meta-analysis of GWAS for T2D in the Japanese population. Combined data from discovery and subsequent validation analyses (23,399 T2D cases and 31,722 controls) identify 7 new loci with genome-wide significance (P<5 × 10−8), rs1116357 near CCDC85A, rs147538848 in FAM60A, rs1575972 near DMRTA1, rs9309245 near ASB3, rs67156297 near ATP8B2, rs7107784 near MIR4686 and rs67839313 near INAFM2. Of these, the association of 4 loci with T2D is replicated in multi-ethnic populations other than Japanese (up to 65,936 T2Ds and 158,030 controls, P<0.007). These results indicate that expansion of single ethnic GWAS is still useful to identify novel susceptibility loci to complex traits not only for ethnicity-specific loci but also for common loci across different ethnicities. ; This work was partly supported by a grant from the Leading Project of Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology-Japan. The work of the Shanghai Jiao Tong University was supported from grants from the National 973 Program (2011CB504001), 863 Program (2012AA02A509) and National Science Foundation of China (81322010). R.C.W.M. and J.C.N.C. acknowledge support from the Hong Kong Foundation for Research and Development in Diabetes, established under the auspices of the Chinese University of Hong Kong, the Innovation and Technology Fund (ITS/088/08 and ITS/487/09FP)), and the Research Grants Council Theme-based Research Scheme (T12–402/13-N). The work by the Shanghai Diabetes Genetic Study (SDGS) was supported in part by the US National Institutes of Health grants R37CA070867, R01CA124558, R01CA64277 and UL1 RR024975, the Department of Defense Idea Award BC050791, Vanderbilt Ingram professorship funds and the Allen Foundation Fund. We thank the dedicated investigators and staff members from research teams at Vanderbilt University, Shanghai Cancer Institute and the Shanghai Institute of Preventive Medicine, and especially the study participants for their contributions in the studies. This study was provided with data from the Korean Genome Analysis Project (4845-301), the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study (4851-302) and Korea Biobank Project (4851-307, KBP-2013-11 and KBP-2014-68) that were supported by the Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Republic of Korea. This research was supported by an intramural grant from the Korea National Institute of Health (2014-NI73001-00), Republic of Korea. This study was supported by a grant of the Korea Health Technology R&D Project, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Republic of Korea (HI14C0060). The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research is an independent Research Center at the University of Copenhagen partially funded by an unrestricted donation from the Novo Nordisk Foundation (www.metabol.ku.dk). The Danish studies, Inter99 and Health2006, were partly funded by the Lundbeck Foundation and produced by The Lundbeck Foundation Centre for Applied Medical Genomics in Personalised Disease Prediction, Prevention and Care (LuCamp, www.lucamp.org). The Asian Indian Diabetic Heart Study/Sikh Diabetes Study (AIDHS/SDS) was supported by the National Institute of Health grants KO1TW006087 funded by the Fogarty International Center, R01DK082766 funded by National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, and a seed grant from University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, USA. We thank the research participants for their contribution and support for making this study possible. A.H.C. was supported by a fellowship from CONACyT-Mexico. J.M.M. was supported by Sara Borrell Fellowship from the Instituto Carlos III, grant SEV-2011-00067 of Severo Ochoa Program and EMBO short-term fellowship, EFSD/Lilly research fellowship and Beatriu de Pinós fellowship from the Agency for Management of University and Research Grants (AGAUR). SIGMA study was supported by the Slim Foundation. Y.S.C. acknowledges support from the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MEST) (2012R1A2A1A03006155). Field-work, genotyping and standard clinical chemistry assays in PROMIS were principally supported by grants awarded to the University of Cambridge from the British Heart Foundation, UK Medical Research Council, Wellcome Trust, EU Framework 6-funded Bloodomics Integrated Project, Pfizer, Novartis and Merck. J.D. acknowledges that this work was funded by the UK Medical Research Council (G0800270), British Heart Foundation (SP/09/002), UK National Institute for Health Research Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, European Research Council (268834) and European Commission Framework Programme 7 (HEALTH-F2-2012-279233).

Japan has been free from rabies since the 1950s. However, during the early 1900s several large-scale epidemics spread throughout the country. Here we investigate the dynamics of these epidemics between 1914 and 1933 in Osaka Prefecture, using archival data including newspapers. The association between dog rabies cases and human population density was investigated using Mixed-effects models and epidemiological parameters such as the basic reproduction number (R0), the incubation and infectious period and the serial interval were estimated. A total of 4,632 animal rabies cases were reported, mainly in dogs (99.0%, 4,584 cases) during two epidemics from 1914 to 1921, and 1922 to 1933 respectively. The second epidemic was larger (3,705 cases) than the first (879 cases), but had a lower R0 (1.50 versus 2.42). The first epidemic was controlled through capture of stray dogs and tethering of pet dogs. Dog mass vaccination began in 1923, with campaigns to capture stray dogs. Rabies in Osaka Prefecture was finally eliminated in 1933. A total of 3,805 rabid dog-bite injuries, and 75 human deaths were reported. The relatively low incidence of human rabies, high ratio of post-exposure vaccines (PEP) and bite injuries by rabid dogs (minimum 6.2 to maximum 73.6, between 1924 and 1928), and a decline in the proportion of bite victims that developed hydrophobia over time (slope = -0.29, se = 3, p < 0.001), indicated that increased awareness and use of PEP might have prevented disease. Although significantly more dog rabies cases were detected at higher human population densities (slope = 0.66, se = 0.03, p < 0.01), there were fewer dog rabies cases detected per capita (slope = -0.34, se = 0.03, p < 0.01). We suggest that the combination of mass vaccination and restriction of dog movement enabled by strong legislation was key to eliminate rabies. Moreover, the prominent role of the media in both reporting rabies cases and efforts to control the disease likely contributed to promoting the successful participation required to achieve rabies elimination.

Japan has been free from rabies since the 1950s. However, during the early 1900s several large-scale epidemics spread throughout the country. Here we investigate the dynamics of these epidemics between 1914 and 1933 in Osaka Prefecture, using archival data including newspapers. The association between dog rabies cases and human population density was investigated using Mixed-effects models and epidemiological parameters such as the basic reproduction number (R0), the incubation and infectious period and the serial interval were estimated. A total of 4,632 animal rabies cases were reported, mainly in dogs (99.0%, 4,584 cases) during two epidemics from 1914 to 1921, and 1922 to 1933 respectively. The second epidemic was larger (3,705 cases) than the first (879 cases), but had a lower R0 (1.50 versus 2.42). The first epidemic was controlled through capture of stray dogs and tethering of pet dogs. Dog mass vaccination began in 1923, with campaigns to capture stray dogs. Rabies in Osaka Prefecture was finally eliminated in 1933. A total of 3,805 rabid dog-bite injuries, and 75 human deaths were reported. The relatively low incidence of human rabies, high ratio of post-exposure vaccines (PEP) and bite injuries by rabid dogs (minimum 6.2 to maximum 73.6, between 1924 and 1928), and a decline in the proportion of bite victims that developed hydrophobia over time (slope = -0.29, se = 3, p < 0.001), indicated that increased awareness and use of PEP might have prevented disease. Although significantly more dog rabies cases were detected at higher human population densities (slope = 0.66, se = 0.03, p < 0.01), there were fewer dog rabies cases detected per capita (slope = -0.34, se = 0.03, p < 0.01). We suggest that the combination of mass vaccination and restriction of dog movement enabled by strong legislation was key to eliminate rabies. Moreover, the prominent role of the media in both reporting rabies cases and efforts to control the disease likely contributed to promoting the successful participation required to achieve rabies elimination.