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MULTICULTURAL ASPECTS OF SUPERVISION IN POST-APARTHEID SOUTHAFRICAClinical supervision in psychology and social work is challenged with addressing the variouscultural, social and political factors that affect therapeutic and supervisory relationships. In thecontext of present-day South Africa with its emphasis on recruiting supervisees into the helpingprofessions from diverse racial and ethnic backgrounds, questions of race, ethnicity and culture inclinical supervision have become of considerable importance. This paper examines the literaturepertinent to supervision and presents a theoretical framework for conceptualising themulticultural development of supervisors and supervisees with a specific emphasis on the SouthAfrican context. It highlights some of the potential problems that might arise in supervisoryrelationships in which the supervisor and supervisee are racially disparate and outlinesrecommendations for clinicians to consider in their practice. Most of the research on inter-racialclinical supervision has been conducted in the United States and other countries wheremulticulturalism is part of the national landscape. This article uses this international literature andapplies it to the present post-apartheid contex

This opinion article argues that it may not be appropriate to regard the Covid-19 pandemic as a traumatic stressor. Persons diagnosed with Covid-19 have typically been concerned about events that might have occurred in the future such as severe illness, hospitalisation and death, access to treatment, the welfare of dependents, and stigma and discrimination. Their concerns are thus future-oriented rather than anchored to a past traumatic event, which is the requirement for a diagnosis of PTSD. If the criteria for what is considered a traumatic stressor are widened, there isa risk that the concept of trauma may become so diluted that many events, even mildly distressing ones, may be regarded as traumatic. Social workers and other health professionals should take these matters into account when attending to the emotional and psychological needs of persons affected by the Covid-19 pandemic. Keywords: Covid-19, distress, pandemic, post-traumatic stress, trauma

This article makes the case for the fields of social work and community psychology to contribute to psychosocial humanitarian interventions in the global South. Many countries in the majority world face humanitarian crises, including war, political turbulence and in some cases genocide. In this article I examine some of the interventions that have demonstrated some efficacy in ameliorating psychosocial problems associated with conflict and war; I examine the role of mental health professionals in preparing survivors of war crimes and human rights abuses for testimony in post-conflict truth commissions; and I examine the complementary role of community psychologists and social workers in the context of conflict-related work. In defining a role for social workers and community psychologists, I identify areas of common concern for psychosocial humanitarian aid workers, namely an awareness of power relations, the potential mismatch of cultural zeitgeists between the professions of social work and psychology and the populations they serve, and the cultural sensitivities associated with what is considered to be therapeutically appropriate.

Anecdotal data suggest that some South Africans living with HIV who receive disability grants from the state deliberately default on their antiretroviral medication in an attempt to lower their CD4 count to remain eligible for grants. No actual empirical data however exist to show that disability grants act as such perverse incentives and are a valid reason for non-adherence. This article examines some of the complexities of antiretroviral adherence in the context of a resource-constrained environment. The multitude of structural barriers, including sometimes difficult patient-doctor conversations about the renewal of disability grants, shape patients' experiences of the clinic environment and influence their adherence to care.

Most research on persons subjected to physical or psychological torture for political reasons has framed this experience as traumatic, with the sequelae approximating the diagnostic criteria of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Yet, critiques of the trauma model have called attention to the fact that PTSD represents a Western conceptualization of the concerns of persons who have survived stressful experiences. In order to determine whether symptoms of traumatization are salient psychiatric phenomena for South African former detainees, semi-structured qualitative interviews were conducted with 20 respondents who were detained and tortured for political reasons during the apartheid era. Interviews were transcribed and analysed for thematic content using a grounded theory approach. Results showed that although the main concerns expressed were unrelated to traumatization, participants also indicated that they experienced symptoms of post-traumatic stress. These data suggest that although too great a focus on traumatic responses may be misplaced, it remains important to consider the possibility that former detainees may exhibit symptoms of this nature. Consequently, critiques of the trauma discourse as a Western phenomenon need to be tempered with evidence of the lived reality of psychological sequelae experienced by this population.

A psychiatric model of traumatization has informed most research in psychology on the effects of human rights violations, including political torture, in South Africa. This article highlights some of the limitations of a hegemonic psychiatric approach to conceptualizing current sequelae of abuse experienced by political detainees during the apartheid era. It calls attention to the relevance of the South African social and political context in which survivors are located, methodological problems that characterize psychological research on trauma in South Africa and other developing countries, and the relevance of the meaning that survivors may attribute to their experience of detention and torture.

Compared to patients not receiving treatment, antiretroviral therapy (ART) users may experience a lower viral load, an increased CD4 count, slower disease progression, fewer opportunistic infections, and more rapid recovery time from HIV-related illnesses. As such, health related quality of life (HR-QOL) is likely to be considerably greater for ART users than patients not receiving treatment. The dearth of QOL research in sub-Saharan Africa brings into focus the need for and importance of documenting the various dimensions of well-being among persons living with HIV in this region of the world. We thus sought to report on the performance of South African patients enrolled in a public government funded antiretroviral therapy (ART) program. We administered the Functional Assessment of HIV Infection (FAHI) to a convenience sample of patients receiving ART in the Western Cape in South Africa. We used confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to determine the factor structure of the FAHI amongst South African ART users. The CFA revealed a poor model fit of the data. However the EFA factor structure closely approximated the subscales of the measure, indicating the dimensions of physical, emotional, functional, and social well-being and cognitive functioning. We identified problematic items contributing to the poor model fit and contribute to the knowledge base on QOL amongst ART users in South Africa.