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Acknowledgments -- Table of Contents -- Tables and Figures in the Text -- Prologue -- Part I. Youth and the Code of Informality -- 1. The Changing Concept of Youth in Modern Societies -- 2. Toward a Theory of Informality -- Part II. Three Paradigms of Youth Movements -- 3. The Emergence of European Youth Movements -- 4. The Loose Youth Movement: The German Wandervogel -- 5. The Established Youth Movement: The British Boy Scouts -- 6. The "Official" Youth Movement: The Soviet Komsomol -- 7. Conclusion: Informal Movements as Forerunners of Postmodern Youthfulness -- Part III. The Combinative Type: Israeli Pioneering Youth Movements -- 8. The Social Context of the Israeli Pioneering Youth Movements -- 9. Major Israeli Movements in the "Golden Period" -- 10. Major Transformative Patterns of the Israeli Youth Movements -- 11. Informal Activities in the Israeli Youth Movements -- 12. Informal Knowledge and Curricula -- 13. Moratorium in Three Socialization Agencies: A Comparative View -- 14. Informal Agencies of Socialization and Role Development -- 15. Informal Framework and Civic Culture -- 16. Preliminary Reflections on Western Youth: Europe and America -- 17. Epilogue: Postmodern Variations of Informality -- Appendix. A Comparative View: The Emergence of Postmodern Youthfulness in Non-Western Countries -- References -- Index

This article explains why informal voluntaristic agencies of socialization are considered the most adequate for facilitating the absorption of immigrants into society. The major argument is that the structural characteristics of informal agencies, such as moratorium, symmetry, expressiveness, voluntarism and multiplexity, have made them a setting for reciprocal encounters between veterans and newcomers. Such encounters generate a sense of dignity among immigrants and increase their capacity to struggle for economic and political absorption on their own terms.

An attempt is made to construct an ideal type of informal youth organization having the following components: an active, expressive pattern of action, multi‐dimensional patterns of performances, symmetric relationships among participants, a dual structure, and the principle of moratorium; all these are based on a high degree of voluntary participation. These components are related (in an organizational framework) to such outcomes as the generation of value commitment, the integration of various strata, and mediation between childhood and adulthood. The paper exposes a dilemma: how to semi‐institutionalize these organizations in an attempt to diminish the risk of developing antisocial commitment and at the same time to preserve their unique properties.

Among the basic problems encountered in sociocultural change is that concerning the manner in which change negatively affects personality by calling into question the traditional values underpinning personality structures. Hence, a key concern of those promoting change lies in preserving basic value premises while at the same time effecting salutary changes. One way of handling this problem has been to modernize tradition. This strategy is especially clear in the case of India. After an initial period in which elites first rejected Indian culture in favor of Western culture & then rejected Western culture, attempts were made to incorporate aspects of Western culture by stressing the modernity of tradition, in effect manipulating tradition to legitimize modern values. The strategy most often employed by Indian intellectuals in their effort to legitimize the new has been that of similarity, which is the attempt to reconstitute the old in terms of the new. Also important has been the effort to universalize the new & thus claim it for Indian culture as well as other cultures. The 3rd strategy employed, has been that of symmetry, which is based on the assumption that Indian culture can contribute to the West in equal measure as it borrows. Finally functional justifications have been offered to legitimize new practices. These strategies can also be found in the histories of other modernizing nations such as Japan. F. Hydoski.

The article hypothesizes that informal youth organizations influence processes of transition to adulthood by facilitating role development, that is, the conversion of child‐oriented roles into adult‐oriented ones. In an attempt to test the hypothesis, two variables were specified. Informality was defined in terms of seven organizational components: moratorium, symmetry, dualism, multiplexity, expressive instrumentalism, voluntarism, and pragmatical symbolism. The impact of these components on role development was measured by three indicators: Role Scope, Role Types and Role Aspects. Residential summer camps served as a quasi‐experimental laboratory for the research. A positive significant relationship was found between the level of informality and level of role development, especially in the long run. Findings are explained by the particular experiences youth undergo in informal socialization contexts, in which trial and error behavior, balanced reciprocity, and normative ambivalencies are institutionalized.

Förderung der sozialen Integration durch Organisationen auf freiwilliger Basis. Hilfe zur Vermittlung zwischen den Neuankömmlingen und den Einwohnern. Dadurch auch verbesserte wirtschaftliche und politische Integration. (DÜI-Seu)