The article describes the demographic context of the development of the digital economy in Russia, systematizes the directions of the possible impact of the digitalization of the economy on demographic processes, analyzes the prerequisites for the inequality of different demographic groups in the near future in the digital reality. Based on the analysis of statistical data and expert assessments, a systematic view on the mutual impact of the digitalization of the economy and demographic development is proposed for the first time, a number of questions are raised about the possible strengthening of inequality of individual socio-demographic groups in the process of digitalization. It is shown that the demographic context can play a significant role in the digitalization of the economy, which, in turn, affects the demographic development and digital inequality.
The article analyzes methodological forms of interdisciplinary approach in teaching of demography at undergraduate, graduate and postgraduate levels. The author stresses on two methods for undergraduate students at the faculty of Economics: inclusion interdisciplinary lectures in basic course, and the development of interdisciplinary case studies for seminars.
The article is devoted to documenting factors of discrimination of women and men in Moscow's labour market, related to the presence of parental responsibilities and to the analysis of the opinions of Moscovites on the possibility of combining parental and professional responsibilities. The empirical basis for the research were semi-structured interviews (61 semi-structured interviews, 28 cases of discrimination are described, 22 of which are related to the presence of parental responsibilities) taken between 2013 and 2016 in Moscow, as well as interviews with experts. The types of discriminatory behaviour of employers towards pregnant women and women with small children have been identified ("requests" to resign at their own accord; the payment of "fiat" money only from declared salary; payment of "protection" money for dismissal; agreement on early departure from childcare leave; creation of conditions for women to be extruded after returning to work; enterprise restructuring and using this as an excuse to deny the provision of the corresponding position), as well as discriminatory practices in relation to fathers with small children when their desire to perform parental responsibilities manifests itself and discrimination of young women in employment (as workers with perspective parental responsibilities). Downward trends in the social protection of pregnant women over the past year and a half due to the economic crisis have been noted. Positive legislative changes to reduce discrimination and increase the opportunities for women with children in the labour market (adopted in 2013-2014) have been found to be insufficient to create an enabling environment for employees with parental responsibilities. A study on the attitudes of women and men towards gender roles in the labour market and in the family, the actual possibilities of combining parental and professional responsibilities, has also revealed that discrimination of parents in the labour market was based on widespread gender stereotypes (of employees and ...
The article is devoted to documenting factors of discrimination of women and men in Moscow's labour market, related to the presence of parental responsibilities and to the analysis of the opinions of Moscovites on the possibility of combining parental and professional responsibilities. The empirical basis for the research were semi-structured interviews (61 semi-structured interviews, 28 cases of discrimination are described, 22 of which are related to the presence of parental responsibilities) taken between 2013 and 2016 in Moscow, as well as interviews with experts. The types of discriminatory behaviour of employers towards pregnant women and women with small children have been identified ("requests" to resign at their own accord; the payment of "fiat" money only from declared salary; payment of "protection" money for dismissal; agreement on early departure from childcare leave; creation of conditions for women to be extruded after returning to work; enterprise restructuring and using this as an excuse to deny the provision of the corresponding position), as well as discriminatory practices in relation to fathers with small children when their desire to perform parental responsibilities manifests itself and discrimination of young women in employment (as workers with perspective parental responsibilities). Downward trends in the social protection of pregnant women over the past year and a half due to the economic crisis have been noted. Positive legislative changes to reduce discrimination and increase the opportunities for women with children in the labour market (adopted in 2013-2014) have been found to be insufficient to create an enabling environment for employees with parental responsibilities. A study on the attitudes of women and men towards gender roles in the labour market and in the family, the actual possibilities of combining parental and professional responsibilities, has also revealed that discrimination of parents in the labour market was based on widespread gender stereotypes (of employees and ...
The paper highlights the current issues of the National Strategy for Action on Children in the Russian Federation in 2012-2017. Analyzing these problems, the author proposes a number of recommendations that will improve the quality of the implementation of the National Strategy in the second phase (2015-2017). The article uses data from official statistics, official documents in the field of social policy, the results of the author's expertise of the National Strategy documents.
The article begins with a small paragraph on why it is necessary to carefully assess operational data on morbidity and mortality from coronavirus. Further, the author discusses the complex of possible geo-spatial, demographic, socio-economic, socio-cultural and political factors of unequal impact of morbidity and overmortality from COVID-19 on various social groups and territories; hypothesize about the demographic and gender consequences of the pandemic and its accompanying economic recession in the short-term and long-term period. The author comes to the conclusion that the pandemic will have minor demographic consequences or won't have any. And despite a number of negative effects, the pandemic offers a window of opportunity for the development of gender equality.
The article begins with a small paragraph on why it is necessary to carefully assess operational data on morbidity and mortality from coronavirus. Further, the author discusses the complex of possible geo-spatial, demographic, socio-economic, socio-cultural and political factors of unequal impact of morbidity and overmortality from COVID-19 on various social groups and territories; hypothesize about the demographic and gender consequences of the pandemic and its accompanying economic recession in the short-term and long-term period. The author comes to the conclusion that the pandemic will have minor demographic consequences or won't have any. And despite a number of negative effects, the pandemic offers a window of opportunity for the development of gender equality.
The purpose of this article is to describe the idea of forming a new paradigm of socio-demographic policy based on the core «family-work balance». Today, it is no longer enough to talk about the family-work balance policy as an integral part of the State socio-demographic policy. A new social contract between the State and the population on the disposal of time as the main resource for each person is necessary. We need a new social contract on the time use by various social groups, primarily by employees with family responsibilities. Basing on statistical and GIS methods, the author used the data from Rosstat, Moscow Department of Labor and Social Protection, survey data. Changing the approaches to assessment of the social policy results is a prerequisite for its integrated formation and implementation. The article provides eight arguments for the timeliness of changing the paradigm of the socio-demographic policy in Russia. Four ways of socio-demographic policy measuring by time units are given: calculating the equivalent of cash payments and social support services by time units; assessment of walking or transport accessibility to social institutions and the workplace by time units; duration of service receipt; estimation of working hours of parents in the sphere of professional employment. This approach will open new opportunities for cooperation with the population in the issue of demographic development and labor market regulation; it will mitigate the challenges related to the population aging and expansion of the care economy, improve the quality of life of the entire population, including people with family responsibilities. It will stimulate formation of a social system comfortable for people with a high level of human capital, aimed at combining professional and family responsibilities. The author discusses the sources of information that can be used in the new methodology for measuring policy outcomes. The article provides examples of calculations in measuring socio-demographic policy by time.
The article is devoted to documenting factors of discrimination of women and men in Moscow's labour market, related to the presence of parental responsibilities and to the analysis of the opinions of Moscovites on the possibility of combining parental and professional responsibilities. The empirical basis for the research were semi-structured interviews (61 semi-structured interviews, 28 cases of discrimination are described, 22 of which are related to the presence of parental responsibilities) taken between 2013 and 2016 in Moscow, as well as interviews with experts. The types of discriminatory behaviour of employers towards pregnant women and women with small children have been identified ("requests" to resign at their own accord; the payment of "fiat" money only from declared salary; payment of "protection" money for dismissal; agreement on early departure from childcare leave; creation of conditions for women to be extruded after returning to work; enterprise restructuring and using this as an excuse to deny the provision of the corresponding position), as well as discriminatory practices in relation to fathers with small children when their desire to perform parental responsibilities manifests itself and discrimination of young women in employment (as workers with perspective parental responsibilities). Downward trends in the social protection of pregnant women over the past year and a half due to the economic crisis have been noted. Positive legislative changes to reduce discrimination and increase the opportunities for women with children in the labour market (adopted in 2013-2014) have been found to be insufficient to create an enabling environment for employees with parental responsibilities. A study on the attitudes of women and men towards gender roles in the labour market and in the family, the actual possibilities of combining parental and professional responsibilities, has also revealed that discrimination of parents in the labour market was based on widespread gender stereotypes (of employees and employers) that constitute a barrier to the harmonious reconciliation of the professional and family roles of women and men. Employers' inclination to discriminate workers with parental responsibilities depends on age and the presence of children (employees with small children are in the worst position, in the best – those with children of a senior age as compared to childless, as the most reliable and responsible), which underlines the traditional nature of the structure of gender attitude.Among the young educated informants, there have been (so far rare) cases of modernized attitudes towards the family-work balance, based on a belief in the possibility of full and highly professional female employment combined with motherhood (as opposed to traditional Russian gender attitudes on "the need to have a job that does not interfere with family matters"). The most modernized area is the information technology sector, to a lesser extent - the finance industry. The most traditional one is the sector of education (services). At the same time, the IT industry has barriers and opportunities to combine professional and parental responsibilities.The majority of female informants demonstrated a combination of traditional gender attitudes and employment orientation. The origins of this combination are the memory of generations or the "habit of working"; insurance behaviour in the face of the economic crisis and demographic losses; modernization processes; the "dream of a housewife"; renaissance of patriarchal relations in the Russian society.
The article is devoted to the contribution of the great Russian scholar economist N. M. Rimashevskaya to development of gender economic studies in the USSR and in Russia. N. M. Rimashevskaya found a scientific school of gender studies in the USSR, then developed it in Russia, amid the changing economic and socio-political order. The authors consider the scientific and socio-political path of N. M. Rimashevskaya and the directions of her work in the field of gender economic studies in the Soviet, transitional periods and in the new Millennium. The article shows the role of N. M. Rimashevskaya in institutionalization of gender studies in the USSR and Russia, in particular, in creation of the Moscow Center for Gender Studies, academic journal "Population", in conducting the Taganrog project, which is unique in terms of duration and its socio-economic and gender analysis' depth. Ahead of the spread of the gender agenda among international organizations such as the UN, as early as in the 1960s and 1970s, N. M. Rimashevskaya conducted gender comparison of the daily time-use and its distribution to paid and unpaid work based on the data collected in Taganrog, predetermining one of the most relevant areas for development of gender economic analysis and gender budgeting, as well as economic analysis in general. The article also pays attention to the research and development of strategic concepts concerning the country's socio-economic policy and the programs carried out by the Moscow Center for Gender Studies. The impact of the scientific school of gender studies in Moscow on the formation and institutionalization of women's social and political movements in the newly formed democracy in the early 1990s also deserves a special attention. And finally, the key areas of economic research on gender inequality conducted under the leadership of N. M. Rimashevskaya are structured and described. Keywords: gender inequality, gender economic studies, N. M. Rimashevskaya, Moscow school of gender studies, gender economic theory.
The paper addresses the effects of the tobacco epidemic in Russian regions, including the impact of cigarettes affordability on mortality attributed to tobacco. As a characteristic of such consequences, the authors consider the standardized mortality rates from lung cancer in the Russian regions. Regression analysis of the factors of regional lung cancer mortality reveal a high level of losses in the northern and eastern regions as well as significant gender differences. It indirectly shows the incompleteness of female tobacco epidemic in Russia — men are more active in quitting smoking, especially those from high-income and highly educated groups of urban population. Decomposition of regional differences shows the dominant role of the territorial factor: 72% of differences among men and 55% among women are due to what of eight federal districts they belong. Gender wage gap is also an important factor for men (more equity corresponds to lower losses from tobacco epidemic). We explain this by greater tolerance towards male smoking in regions with higher levels of gender inequality. For women, other factors turned out to be significant: about 25% of differences are explained by the risk of secondhand smoke and another 13% — by poor environmental situation. Despite high price that Russia pays for the consequences of mass smoking, the affordability of cigarettes by international standards remains high. At the same time, econometric modeling shows no significant effect of prices on tobacco mortality: most likely, in Russia, the threshold value after which an increase in price significantly reduces the future losses from smoking has not yet been reached. The research is conducted with the financial support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR) under grant No. 19-29-07546 mk "The Impact of Human Capital on Current and Future Economic Growth in Russia".
Current trends in fertility are similar in most countries of the world. To reduce the level of fertility, actively manifested since the second half of the last century, important changes in the calendar of births were added. The classical indicators of demographic statistics are more often dealing with the intensity of fertility, to a lesser extent — with the timing of fertility. The authors made an attempt to compile a system of indicators for the timing, which was then used to study the stages and types of ageing of fertility.
In this paper we present the results of the analysis of the population change in nonmetropolitan city municipalities by components and concentration of population in the municipalities were investigated, their typologization was developed in accordance with the contribution of various components to population dynamics. The article discusses the limitations of municipal statistics. The methods of average values, the balance equation, and the measures of population concentration are used. The main conclusions confirm the trends of population decline at the second stage of demographic policy, territorial unevenness and concentration of population in administrative centers and the closest settlements to them. Less than 2% of the municipalities in question demonstrate both natural and migratory growth, and in 70% of municipalities both migration and natural components make a contribution to population reduction. The relatively high proportion of the elderly population was observed in the studied municipalities; crude birth and death rates were worse than the average in the district.
