Suchergebnisse

This article is devoted to trade, investment and institutional aspects of Russion-Chinese economic cooperation. The perspective of this cooperation, problems of growth and structural changes of China's economy are also analyzed. This research based on analyzes of key indicators: GDP growth and structure, import and export volume and structure, foreign trade's amount and structure, indicators of investment activity. Institutional aspects of bilateral relationships are analyzed. This work also contains evaluation of Russian-Chinese relationship's perspectives and analyzes of growth problems and structure changes in Chinese economy, which is connected to service sector development and quality of life's growth. Development of Chinese market creates opportunities for the growth of Russian export, but on the condition that our country could form the supply of quality and interesting products. The authors come to a conclusion that significant growth of Russia and People's Republic of China economic interactions is a fundamental base for political partnership and strategical interactions.

The article is devoted to the consideration of the role of women in the history of Buddhist culture in medieval Japan. The article examines the formation of the first female Buddhist monastic community in Japan. It is noted that the formation of the first Buddhist monastic community here was associated with women of Korean origin. A significant role in the institutionalization of Buddhism in Japan and its transformation into the dominant ideology was played by the Japanese empresses, who were impressed by the Buddhist approach to the religious status of women. The Japanese empresses actively supported the construction of Buddhist temples, donated land and significant funds to them. While pursuing a policy of strengthening the Buddhist church, they simultaneously contributed to its centralization and the establishment of strict control over the sangha by the state. The social and confessional status of women in the history of medieval Japan was constantly changing. If, until the end of the Nara period, nuns had the same social and confessional status as monks, then in the Heian era, nuns were removed from government positions and state ceremonies, and in religious treatises the opinion that women could not find salvation until will not be reborn as men. During the Kamakura and Muromachi eras, women again began to play an active role in society, including in religious institutions. During this period, new directions of Buddhism appeared (Amidaism, Soto-Zen, the Nichiren school), in whose doctrines the attitude towards women was more respectful. In the subsequent period, there was an increase in the influence of Confucianism and a weakening of the position of Buddhism in Japanese society, which negatively affected the social status of women and the state of the female monastic community.

The article discusses the main trends in the formation and development of a new direction of historical science - historical demography. The purpose of the article is to review scientific papers related to the study of the stated issues. Their general characteristics are given, and key issues are highlighted. The role and significance of socio - historical factors in the demographic process of the first half of the XX century in different regions of the USSR on the example of Kalmykia, Ukraine and Kazakhstan are revealed. A historiographical assessment of losses during the demographic crisis in the USSR in the first half of the 1930s is given.