Suchergebnisse

The article studies the problems of the autonomy of the national regions of the south of Russia, examines various regional projects and, based on the actual material, identifies the features of solving this issue, as well as the interaction of central and local authorities. Special attention is paid to the role of the intelligentsia in the formation of national statehood. The aim of the work is to consider various approaches, primarily of the intelligentsia, to autonomy through comparative analysis in the national regions of the southern Russian region. While writing the paper the authors carried out historio-graphical and source analysis on the stated problem, and used various documents of legislative and executive authorities. The methodological basis was a comprehensive approach to the study of the problems of autonomy in the national regions of southern Russia. In particular, the historical-narrative method was used to reconstruct the historical past. To identify various projects on self-determination, the comparative-historical method and the method of retrospective analysis were used. The study made it possible to conclude that the problem of self-determination of peoples was closely related to the formation of the new state, and, accordingly, it was needed to preserve the integrity of the country. In national regions, the intelligentsia offered various options in its solution. But the comparative analysis demonstrates that national territories remained part of Russia and became part of the new Soviet state. The Southern Russian intelligentsia, which played a leading role in the process of autonomy, eventually became the regional political elite.

The results of the analysis of morphonological phenomena in the words of the Kalmyk language of the 18 th century are presented in the article. The research material is comprised of the official business documents of the Kalmyk khans of the 18 th century and their contemporaries, written in the old Kalmyk language, called Todo bichig "clear letter", which were deposited in the National Archive of the Republic of Kalmykia (Fund 36, Inventory1). In Kalmyk linguistics, for the first time, information was obtained about the compatibility of morphemes of the Kalmyk language of the 18 th century and about morphonological phenomena caused by the processes of word- and form building. It was found out that at the junction of morphemes such morphonological phenomena as truncation, overlap, augmentation, alternation, interfixation, vowels lengthening often occurred, and within morphemes – the alternation of short and long vowels. It is revealed that the paradigms of root and subordinate morphemes of the 18 th -century Kalmyk language differ from similar paradigms of the modern language. The results obtained are important not only for understanding the historical grammar of the Kalmyk language, but also for the theoretical grammar of the modern Kalmyk language. The perspective of this study is that its results are the starting point for a new direction – the comparative study of morphemics and morphonological phenomena of related Mongolian languages belonging to the agglutinative type of languages. It becomes possible to compare and contrast not just their single identical root and affixal morphemes (the traditional approach), but also their morphemic paradigms, consisting of allomorphs and variants in both diachronic and synchronous aspects.

This article investigates the perception of the future in Western and Eastern cultures through the lens of the binary opposition "predestination and indeterminacy". The research methodology draws upon historical-cultural, cultural-philosophical, and comparative analysis of ideas about the future. Within the context of Western culture, the ideas concerning the predestination of human fate by philosophers from various epochs, ranging from Antiquity to modern times, are explored. Plato asserted the predestination of human future by a divine plan, whereas Aristotle denied any predestination and insisted on an open future. The Middle Ages scrutinized the question of predestination and free will within Christian doctrine, particularly through the teachings of Augustine. Particular attention is also given to the ideas of David Hume, Friedrich Nietzsche, Georg Simmel, Jean-Paul Sartre, and other thinkers who challenged the notion of divine predestination and advocated for human freedom of choice as the basis of his existence. The interpretation of future perception in Eastern culture is examined through examples from Chinese culture, Indian culture, and Buddhist philosophy. The author analyzes the concept of "ming" (fate) in Chinese philosophy, karma in Indian culture, and the causal relationship of suffering among all living beings in Buddhism. In conclusion, it is argued that Eastern culture differs from Western culture in its more holistic approach to this issue: the future may be predestined, yet humans still possess the ability to influence their destiny and alter the lot that has fallen to them.

The process of neolithization and introduction of producing forms of economics did not take place in different parts of Euro-Asia simultaneously. South Asia and South-East Asia zones are considered to be first in the selection and domestication of animals.In the Northern part of the Caspian Sea area the neolithization took place on the basis of intensification and specialization of appropriating forms of activities. Further assertion of the advanced experience of Southern focus led to the formation of cultures with pricked and dashed ceramics and micro stone industry in North Caspian Sea area. Gradually the process of assertion of new production and enrichment of rational knowledge covered both Southern steppes and forest-steppe territories penetrating deep into West Europe.

Introduction. The object of the analysis is the ways in which the Kalmyk Khanate of the 18th century used communication routes and movements along these paths for a specific purpose. Methods and materials. The official correspondence of Kalmyk khans and owners with representatives of different government levels of the Russian state of the 18th century from the funds of the National Archives of the Republic of Kalmykia is considered, data on the movements of representatives of the Kalmyk Khanate is revealed, and a typology of these movements is proposed. Analysis. It is shown that ways differ in place, time, and purpose of movement. In the life of the Kalmyks, internal and external ways stood out. The internal ones are seasonal migrations within the khanate in order to change pastures for livestock. The documents report on the places of nomads, folk traditions, holidays, and various difficulties. External ways connected the Kalmyks with the world outside the khanate and were divided into postal (communication between different subjects), official (delivery of salaries, trips on judicial and other matters), diplomatic (visits to the court, trips to other states to conclude and maintain peace), military (military campaigns, border protection), trade (trips to Russian and other cities for the purchase and sale of livestock and various goods), and religious (pilgrimage to Tibet, trips for baptism to Stavropol-on-the-Volga). Results. The conclusion is made about the great importance of both internal ways, which determined the mode of life of the nomadic people, and external ones, thanks to which interaction with the Russian state and other countries was carried out. Sources of Kalmyk and Russian origin reveal facts from different points of view and show the actions of both sides as the realization of their complex, multifaceted interaction. Authors' contribution. D.A. Suseeva proposed the classification principles, identified the main way types, and analyzed the letters of the Kalmyk khans and owners. O.A. Gorban supplemented the classification with individual species and analyzed V.N. Tatishchev's letters and other documents of the Kalmyk Commission.

The article is devoted to the study of one of the most important problems of modern historical science - the history of the formation of the Russian multinational state. Special attention is paid to the comparative analysis of the state and political statuses of the national autonomies of Russia - the Kalmyk Khanate and the Hetman's Ukraine. The statehood of the Kalmyk nomads arose after their entry into the Russian state in the first half of the 17th century. It is shown that the nature of the Russian-Kalmyk relations during this period makes it possible to define them as a protectorate of Russia over the Kalmyk uluses. The article examines the formation of the Russian-Kalmyk interaction, the evolution of the status, territorial framework and geopolitical position of the Kalmyk Khanate. At the beginning of the second quarter of the 18th century. After the Kazakhs of the Younger Zhuz migrated to Emba, the Kalmyk lands partially lost their border status and began to increasingly resemble the inner territory of the Russian Empire. A gradual transformation of political autonomy into administrative one begins. The article describes the main features of the autonomy of the Kalmyk Khanate in the period of the 17th - early 18th centuries: the preservation of the traditional administrative structure, the concentration of administrative, judicial, legislative and fiscal power in the hands of the secular elite, the inheritance of the supreme power in the Torgout dynasty. The paper determines that the new geopolitical status of the Kalmyk Khanate after the second quarter of the 17th century also changed the state policy in relation to it - the system of government of the khanate was unified, political independence was eliminated, the khanate was being integrated into the general imperial administrative and political system. The restrictive policy of Russia in relation to the Kalmyk Khanate, the government's interference in the hereditary question contributed to the beginning of the political fragmentation of the Khanate in the second half of the 20s - the first half of the 30s of the 18th century, political crises of the second half of the 18th century, and the crisis of 1771. The material presented in the article makes it possible to highlight general patterns in the political status of the Kalmyk Khanate and Ukraine in the 17-18th centuries.

The article examines the Soviet-Mongolian cooperation in the scientific field at the first stage of the formation of statehood in the Mongolian People's Republic in the 1920-1940s. The authors analyze main areas of scientific cooperation in this period, based on a wide range of research. One of the priority areas was the wide dissemination of scientific knowledge among the population, which resulted in creation of a network of educational institutions and an increase in the general level of education of the population. Another important area was research in the traditional spheres of Mongolia's activity, where theoretical achievements could be quickly transformed into practical results. The article pays special attention to the activities of the Commission for Scientific Research of Mongolia (1925-1927), the Mongolian Commission of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1927-1953), the Scientific Committee of the Mongolian People's Republic in organizing research expeditions to study the history, nature and culture of the Mongolian People's Republic. As the Mongolian People's Republic lacks national academic personnel, scientific institutes, material resources, a system for training researchers, the article noted the contribution of Soviet scientists to the formation of Mongolian science and the opening of the first national university.