Suchergebnisse

"Sample surveys are widely used to provide statistical data on an extensive range of topics for both research and administrative purposes. Numerous surveys have been conducted in such disciplines as sociology, social psychology, demography, political science, economics, education, and public health to describe the characteristics of the populations under study and to develop, test, and refine research hypotheses. Central governments make considerable use of surveys to gather information about the conditions of their populations in terms of employment and unemployment, income and expenditure, housing conditions, education, nutrition, health, travel patterns, and many other subjects. Local governments equally make use of surveys for local planning purposes"--

This paper describes alternative methods for careful sampling of special populations. It discusses the use of single or multiple lists, even when incomplete, along with supplementary measures using telephone and mail techniques. If the special populations are clustered there are several alternatives for reducing costs substantially. These involve telephone or mail screenings to eliminate zero segments with a single contact, use of two or three contacts to eliminate zero segments if face-to-face screening is required, use of lists to identify nonzero segments, use of combined screening, and reducing the sampling rate in nonzero areas that have low densities. For some populations the use of network sampling can be very effective. Some populations can be defined by their activities and sampled at locations where they participate. These careful methods should be used if one is trying to generalize to a total special population.

Front Matter -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- 1 Introduction -- 2 County Estimates -- 3 School District Estimates -- 4 Recommendations for Title I Allocations for the 1999-2000 School Year -- 5 Future Research and Development -- Appendix Use of School Lunch Data in New York State for the Estimation of School-Age Children in Poverty: An Analysis -- References and Bibliography -- Biographical Sketches of Panel Members and Staff.

Front Matter -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Tables -- Boxes -- Executive Summary -- 1 Introduction -- PART I: Using the American Community Survey -- 2 Essentials for Users -- 3 Working with the ACS: Guidance for Users -- PART II: Technical Issues -- 4 Sample Design and Survey Operations -- 5 The Weighting of ACS 1-Year Period Estimates -- 6 Weighting and Interpreting ACS Multiyear Estimates -- PART III: Education, Outreach, and Future Development -- 7 Important Next Steps -- References -- Appendixes -- A: Acronyms and Abbreviations -- B: Controlling the American Community Survey to Postcensal Population Estimates -- C: Alternatives to the Multiyear Period Estimation Strategy for the American Community Survey -- D: Biographical Sketches of Panel Members and Staff -- Index to Executive Summary and Chapters 1-7 -- Committee on National Statistics.

Previous split-ballot survey experiments have shown an effect of question order on responses to two adjacent questions, one concerning the admittance of US reporters to the USSR & the other concerning the admittance of Soviet reporters to the US. The experiment reported here used a national telephone sample (N = 355, with a 70.6% response rate) to test whether this effect could be eliminated by separating the questions. The effect remained, even when 17 unrelated questions were interposed between the 2 reporter questions. 1 Table, Appendix. Modified AA.

Cover -- Front Matter -- Contents -- Preface -- 1 Introduction and Overview -- 2 Title I Allocation Procedures -- 3 Data Sources for County Estimates -- 4 Estimation Procedure for Counties -- 5 Alternative County Models -- 6 Evaluations of County Estimates -- 7 School District Estimates -- 8 Population Estimates -- 9 Research and Development Priorities -- Appendices -- APPENDIX A Models for County and State Poverty Estimates -- APPENDIX B Regression Diagnostics on Alternative County Regression Models -- APPENDIX C County Model Comparisons with 1990 Census Estimates -- APPENDIX D Use of School Lunch Data in New York State for the Estimation of School-Age Children in Poverty: An Analysis -- APPENDIX E Special Case: Estimates for Puerto Rico -- References and Bibliography -- Biographical Sketches of Panel Members and Staff.

The Future of the SURVEY OF INCOME AND PROGRAM PARTICIPATION -- Copyright -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Summary -- GOALS -- SURVEY DESIGN -- DATA COLLECTION AND PROCESSING -- DATA PRODUCTS AND THEIR USE -- METHODOLOGICAL RESEARCH AND EVALUATION -- MANAGEMENT AND OVERSIGHT -- RECOMMENDATIONS -- Goals for SIPP -- Achieving SIPP's Goals -- Survey Design -- Data Collection and Processing -- Data Products and Their Use -- Methodological Research and Evaluation -- Management and Oversight -- 1 Introduction -- SIPP IN BRIEF -- SIPP TO -- Achievements -- Part-Year Poverty and Program Participation -- Multiple Program Participation -- Effect of Assets on Program Eligibility and Poverty -- Health Insurance Coverage -- Behavioral Dynamics -- Problems -- LOOKING TO THE FUTURE -- Roles for SIPP -- The Panel's Report -- 2 Goals for SIPP -- THE DEVELOPMENT OF SIPP AND ITS GOALS -- The Income Survey Development Program -- Early SIPP Goals -- Assessments of Early Goals -- VIEWS ABOUT SIPP'S GOALS -- The CNSTAT Report -- Conference on the Future of SIPP -- The Role of SIPP in Improving Income Data -- An Outside Perspective -- Census Bureau Perspective -- RECOMMENDATION -- 3 Achieving SIPP's Goals -- IMPROVING DATA ON INCOME AND OTHER ECONOMIC RESOURCES -- Income and Related Measures -- Measures Relevant to Programs -- Measures of Taxes and After-Tax Income -- Valuation of In-Kind Benefits -- Static and Dynamic Measures Related to Family Characteristics -- New Forms of Income and Other Economic Resources -- Recommendation -- Assets and Asset Income -- Other Resources -- IMPROVING DATA ON PROGRAM ELIGIBILITY AND PARTICIPATION -- Improved Eligibility Measures -- Spell Information -- Emerging Programs and Program Changes -- Recommendation -- TOPICAL MODULES -- SIPP AND THE MARCH CPS -- SIPP AND ADMINISTRATIVE RECORDS -- 4 Survey Design.

Cover -- Front Matter -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Executive Summary -- 1 Introduction -- 2 Needs for Small-Area Income and Poverty Estimates -- 3 Current SAIPE Models -- 4 Future Model Development: The Role of Surveys -- 5 Future Model Development: The Role of Administrative Records -- 6 Using Estimates in Allocation Formulas -- 7 Recommendations for Producers and Users -- APPENDIX Interactions Between Survey Estimates and Federal Funding Formulas -- References and Bibliography -- Biographical Sketches of Panel Members and Staff.

Abstract
The units at the early stages of multi-stage area samples are generally sampled with probabilities proportional to their estimated sizes (PPES). With such a design, an overall equal probability (EP) sample design would yield a constant number of final stage units from each final stage cluster if the measures of size used in the PPES selection at each sampling stage were directly proportional to the number of final stage units. However, there are often sizable relative differences between the measures of size used in the PPES selections and the number of final stage units. Two common approaches for dealing with these differences are: (1) to retain a self-weighting sample design, allowing the sample sizes to vary across the sampled primary sampling units (PSUs) and (2) to retain the fixed sample size in each PSU and to compensate for the unequal selection probabilities by weighting adjustments in the analyses. This article examines these alternative designs in the context of two-stage sampling in which PSUs are sampled with PPES at the first stage, and an equal probability sample of final stage units is selected from each sampled PSU at the second stage. Two-stage sample designs of this type are used for household surveys in many countries. The discussion is illustrated with data from the Population-based HIV Impact Assessment surveys that were conducted using this design in several African countries.