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Literaturverz. S. [241] - 258

Until today, first generation (1G) biofuels dominate the market for alternative fuels. The European Commission decided to cap 1G biofuels and promote second generation (2G) biofuels with the intention to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, to limit the competition of food, feed and biofuels, as well as to improve societal approval. The assessment of consequences entailed to a shift from 1G to 2G biofuels is required to judge whether such a shift is advisable or not. According to the renewable energy directive (RED), GHG savings, need to be determined for all biofuels. By the end of 2020, fuel blends need to achieve a GHG reduction of 6%. Thus, GHG savings will determine the quantity of biofuel to be blended with fossil fuels and thereby eventually define the demand for biofuels. In this paper, the consequences of a shift from a 1G to a 2G biofuel is assessed by the example of bioethanol from wheat grains and straw. In total, three concepts of 2G ethanol production from wheat straw are considered: fermentation of C6-sugars with (1) co-production of feed, (2) coupled with biogas production and (3) co-fermentation of C5- and C6-sugars with co-production of feed. To determine the effect of the introduction of 2G ethanol, GHG savings according to RED are calculated first, and, in a second step, consequences of the shift from 1G to 2G ethanol are assessed by accounting for substitution mechanisms and emissions from direct and indirect land-use change (LUC). GHG savings of these 2G concepts according to RED methodology range from 103 to 105%. The shift from 1G ethanol to these 2G concepts is assessed by two scenarios: (1) additional production of 2G ethanol and (2) the replacement of 1G ethanol by 2G ethanol. Results indicate that GHG emissions decrease in scenario 1 if all surplus ethanol replaces fossil fuels. Under the given assumptions, the reduction in emissions ranges from 9.0 to 12.1 kg CO2-eq./GJ ethanol-gasoline blend. If 1G ethanol is replaced by 2G ethanol, GHG emission increase in a range from 7.5 to ...

Gesamtüberblick über regenerative Energien und ihre Verwendung, wobei der Schlussabschnitt einen zusammenfassenden Vergleich zu Angebot, Ökonomie und Ökologie bietet. Wendet sich weniger an interessierte Laien als an Studierende und an Fachleute in Energiewirtschaft und Verwaltung. Klar strukturiert, in sachlicher Darstellung ohne ideologisch gefärbter Wertung. Wurde gegenüber der 1. Auflage 1995 (ID 51/95) um ca. 250 Seiten erweitert und um neue Entwicklungen (Bereich Solartechnik u.a.) ergänzt, dazu durchgehend aktualisiert (auch in den ausführlichen Literaturhinweisen). Wichtig für größere Fachbestände (die alte Ausgabe sollte ersetzt werden). (3)

The Circular Economy Action Plan, as part of the European Green Deal announced by the European Commission, is highly relevant to the chemical industry in relation to the production of sustainable products. Accordingly, the chemical industry faces the question of how far it can promote its own manufacture of sustainable products. Within this context, this article presents an approach on how to measure innovations in bioeconomy. The methodological framework developed provides the chemical industry with an approach to assess the effectiveness of innovative conversion technologies producing biogenic intermediate products (e.g., bulk chemicals). The innovations within the bioeconomy (TRL > 4; TRL—technology readiness level) are compared in terms of technical, economic, and environmental indicators for the current status, for the medium- and long-term as well as for different production sites. The methodological approach developed here is exemplarily applied, assessing the production of intermediate biogenic products via thermo-chemical conversion of lignocellulosic biomass. The results show the successful applicability of the developed assessment approach as well as significant differences in efficiency, costs, and environmental impact, both from the perspective of time and in spatial terms within the European Union. Thus, the methodological approach developed and presented enables the chemical industry to reduce challenges and to take advantage of the opportunities arising from the transition to a climate-neutral and circular economy. ; The Circular Economy Action Plan, as part of the European Green Deal announced by the European Commission, is highly relevant to the chemical industry in relation to the production of sustainable products. Accordingly, the chemical industry faces the question of how far it can promote its own manufacture of sustainable products. Within this context, this article presents an approach on how to measure innovations in bioeconomy. The methodological framework developed provides the ...

Fuel-related measures and modernization of small-scale combustion units has become the focus of attention in the renewable heat generation sector, as a means to promote local biomass utilization and fuel-flexibility while meeting strict environmental legislative requirements. With the aim to mitigate total particulate matter emissions and ash-associated problems characteristic of crop residue combustion, (1) corn cob pellets (with and without kaolin and binder) as well as (2) fuel blends with wood pellets were combusted in a pellet oven under full load. Results show that additivation or fuel blending (e.g., 50 wt. % wood and 50 wt. % corn cob pellets) reduce total particulate and CO-emissions by 48 to 60 wt. % and 64 to 89 wt. %, respectively, in comparison to baseline emissions from non-additivized corn cob pellets. Kaolin prevented sintering of corn cob ash. However, considerable grate ash entrainment was observed. TPM consists of a "primary network"—polyhedral and spherical particles approximately 1 μm in diameter (mainly KCl), and a "secondary network" built on top of the primary network, consisting of square-prism-shaped particles of approximately 200 nm in diameter. KCl and K 2 SO 4 are main compounds in particles from corn cob and wood pellet combustion, respectively. Effective measures demonstrated within this study should be complemented with low-cost coarse ash removal systems. ; Fuel-related measures and modernization of small-scale combustion units has become the focus of attention in the renewable heat generation sector, as a means to promote local biomass utilization and fuel-flexibility while meeting strict environmental legislative requirements. With the aim to mitigate total particulate matter emissions and ash-associated problems characteristic of crop residue combustion, (1) corn cob pellets (with and without kaolin and binder) as well as (2) fuel blends with wood pellets were combusted in a pellet oven under full load. Results show that additivation or fuel blending (e.g., 50 wt. % wood and ...

In the upcoming decade, biofuels made from agricultural residues, wastes and by-products will most likely present an integral part of biofuel provision to achieve greenhouse gas (GHG) reduction targets. This study provides an evaluation of potential changes in GHG emissions arising from the introduction of alternative fuels. To this end, potential changes in GHG emissions arising from the introduction of 36 biorefinery configurations in 26 EU member states providing a broad spectrum of products (e.g. biofuels, chemicals, feed and food additives) are assessed. Additional electrofuel production using biogenic CO2 is evaluated. The assessment considers country specific energy supply, market conditions and soil characteristics. The potential changes in GHG emissions arising from the introduction of these facilities range from −206 to 135 and from −221 to −17 g CO2 per MJ of bioethanol provided from wheat grains and wheat straw, respectively. The analysis reveals a high variability in GHG intensities related to marginal feedstock and energy supply as well as potentially occurring displacement effects depending on location. A Monte Carlo simulation confirms potential reductions in GHG emissions. Furthermore, the analysis shows that the methodology used within the EU to evaluate GHG emissions provided by the Renewable Energy Directive (II) denies market access to certain types of biorefineries and production modalities that bear the potential to reduce GHG emissions. It is concluded that EU biofuel policy strategies targeting (advanced) biofuels should consider local conditions and markets and should especially pay attention to potential changes in other markets.