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This comprehensive analysis of functional theory and its applications in the analysis of states, governments, and institutions draws from an interdisciplinary orientation and creates a central premise of how systems seek the maintenance of stable states and how patterned orientations enable them to perform their functions.

Introduction: Antecedents and the trajectory of history -- Political culture and institutionalization : defining characteristics -- Contested discourse : policy dissonance and the limits of deliberative consensus -- Corruption and development : value ethics in comparative perspective -- Corruption and political decay : an institutional footnote -- Corruption and socialization : a cultural hypothesis -- Constructing identities : norms of dissent and political action in the Niger Delta -- Developing national security policy : context and competing imperatives -- Strategic fusion : the making of a grand doctrine -- Reconciling state and citizenship : civic culture and national development planning -- Appendices: -- A. Divergent identities : a social constructivist analysis of conflict and political action in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. (informed Consent Questionnaire AUM IRB 2009-28) -- B. Zonal ArcMaps : hotspot analysis of geographical clusters of respondents' opinions -- C. Respondents' sampled opinions on crucial policy and national issues

1. Epistemological foundations of citizenship theory -- 2. Classical orthodoxy : Greco-Roman heritage -- 3. Citizenship in the liberal state : how benign? -- 4. Postmodern citizenship : logic and praxis in state and identity -- 5. Stateness, identity and leadership : a discourse -- 6. Citizenship as culture : the individual and the public -- 7. Citizenship, administrative responsibility and participation in governance : one more look -- 8. Migration, labor and capital : regulatory challenges of identity and hybrid communities -- 9. Citizenship beyond borders : quo vadis?.

"This groundbreaking book covers the full spectrum of literature on citizenship theory, including the state and structure of identity, the individual and the public, and the enduring issues of civic engagement and collective discourse. It examines some of the complex challenges faced by citizens and policy makers and explores the existing procedural and institutional mechanisms that undermine democratic political accountability as well as its legitimation. From classical conceptions of citizenship in the early Greco-Roman eras to contemporary critical social theory and postmodernist contentions, author Kalu N. Kalu covers complex issues including rights and obligations, the doctrine of state sovereignty and authority, equality, the principle of majority rule, citizen participation in governance, public versus self-interest, ideas of justice, immigration and cultural identity, global citizenship, and the evolution of hybrid communities that challenge traditional notions of state-citizenship identity. With meticulous detail and powerful analysis, this book illuminates the intellectual richness of citizenship literature on the one hand while demonstrating the ongoing challenges in both conceptualization and practice on the other."-- Back cover.

By recognizing that economists use the transaction-cost methodology to account for the role of actors engaged in market exchange, this study draws from that insight as a way of delineating various critical factors that influence the effectiveness of collaborations in the public sector. Collaboration is not only about making public service delivery more efficient, but it also transcends the constant struggle for advantage and accommodation between agencies either in specific policy domains or in the control over resources and asset-specific programmatic initiatives. As organizations seek the protection of their institutional identity, culture, and power, they also set in motion corresponding processes that work in tandem to create factors that may lead to collaborative inertia. Effective collaboration therefore requires a complementary structural design (governance mechanism) that accommodates the various disincentives of asymmetry and size–power relations in complex collaborative processes.

Résumé Le présent article s'appuie sur les principes essentiels du structuro-fonctionnalisme de Parsons pour analyser l'importance de la structure , du processus et des règles dans le développement d'institutions durables. Il convient de revoir l'orientation contemporaine en matière de construction de la nation, qui a tendance à privilégier les éléments structurels et administratifs de la reconstruction de l'État, en particulier dans les situations de post-conflit, pour privilégier une approche plus locale, axée sur l'aspect sociologique et sur les institutions. La notion d'institutions employée ici découle des analyses aux niveaux global (organisation sociale) et local (individuel) de la capacité d'une série d'actions, de pratiques et de fonctions différentes à maintenir un certain équilibre fonctionnel et interne au fil du temps. Tandis que cet équilibre indique la présence d'un « d'État stable », il contribue à renforcer l'idée que les institutions efficaces (comme les comportements individuels, les règles et les valeurs) peuvent constituer le fondement structurel nécessaire aux initiatives de construction de la nation abouties. Les efforts doivent dès lors se porter sur la construction des institutions plutôt que sur la construction de la nation. Remarques à l'intention des praticiens Il faut bien se rendre compte que les petites choses qui déterminent et régissent les attitudes dans les secteurs privé et public sont aussi lourdes de conséquences que les choses plus importantes. Un aspect tout aussi important, cependant, concerne le fait que les pratiques administratives créent des modes de comportement régularisés, qui dépendent les uns des autres, si bien que cela débouche sur un ensemble fonctionnel. Les autres idées à noter sont que la structure du travail (ce que nous faisons) est aussi importante que la structure des organisations (les systèmes et les relations qui nous permettent de faire ce que nous faisons), des aspects qui jouent tous deux des rôles essentiels qui assurent la dynamique du système.

By building on the essential tenets of Parsonian structural-functionalism, this article focuses on structure, process, and norms as critical to the development of enduring institutions. The contemporary orientation to nation-building that tends to focus on the structural and administrative elements of state reconstruction, especially in post-conflict situations, should be re-evaluated in favor of a more grass-roots, sociologically driven and institutionally based approach. The concept of institutions utilized here is derived from both macro (social organization) and micro (individual) levels of analysis on how a series of actions, practices, and differentiated roles are able to sustain a level of functional and organic equilibrium over time. While equilibrium suggests a type of 'stable state', it helps to reinforce the argument that effective institutions (including individual behaviors, norms and values) can provide the structural foundation needed for successful nation-building initiatives. Hence in that order, there should be a redirection of effort on institution-building rather than nation-building.Points for practitionersThere needs to be a common but important realization that the little things that guide and regulate human conduct in private or public sectors are just as consequential as the big ones. But of equal importance is that administrative practices create regularized patterns of behavior, each dependent on the other, so that the resultant effect becomes a functional whole. Other points to note are that the structure of work (what we do) is as important as the structure of organizations (systems and relationships that allow us to do what we do), each playing essential roles that sustain system dynamics.