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Поступила в редакцию: 01.02.2021. Принята к печати: 12.10.2021. ; Submitted: 01.02.2021. Accepted: 12.10.2021. ; Статья посвящена анализу обстоятельств прибытия, численности и расселения, условий труда, социально-культурной адаптации и особенностей отношений с местным населением болгарских строителей, прибывших в Западную Сибирь в рамках межправительственных договоров. Основными источниками послужили неопубликованные архивные материалы, данные публицистики и полевых исследований, собранные в Тюменской области в 2019–2020 гг. Исследование показало, что поездка в СССР с целью заработка занимала важное место в личных стратегиях успеха болгарской молодежи 1970-х гг. и была весьма распространенным явлением. В период с 1970 по конец 1980-х гг. в Тюменской области проживало около 4 тысяч болгар, самые крупные группы работали в Тюмени, Сургуте, Нижневартовске, Урае, Надыме. Несколько жилых районов, рабочих поселков и объектов нефтяной инфраструктуры в Западной Сибири были построены их руками. Кроме этого, в Тюмени и Сургуте есть скверы советской дружбы, в Сургуте установлен памятник Георгию Димитрову. Приезжая в СССР, болгары пользовались привилегированным статусом, выражавшимся в более высокой зарплате и доступе к ресурсам, которых не имели местные жители. Это, помимо экономического, подчеркивает то политическое значение, которое советское руководство придавало привлечению трудовых ресурсов из соцстран. Основные сложности адаптации были связны с климатическими условиями и языковым барьером. Пребывание в Западной Сибири болгар и обслуживающей их компании «Главболгарстрой» заложило прочные экономические связи, которые спровоцировали крупный приток болгарских мигрантов в Россию уже в 1990-е гг. В результате, согласно данным Всероссийских переписей населения 2002 и 2010 гг., в Тюменской области зафиксировано самое крупное сообщество болгар в России. Сегодня болгары Западной Сибири представлены уже в третьем поколении мигрантов, они играют заметную роль в социокультурном и экономическом пространстве Тюменской области, значительная часть по-прежнему сохраняет эмоциональную связь с родиной и поддерживает отношения с родными и близкими в Болгарии. ; This article is devoted to analysing arrival circumstances, population, settlement, work conditions, socio-cultural adaptation, and particularities of relations with the local community of builders from Bulgaria who migrated to Western Siberia within the framework of government contracts. The article refers to unpublished archive materials, data from journals, and field trips recorded in Tyumen Region in 2019–2020. The research reveals that travelling to the USSR in order to earn money played an important part in individual success strategies of Bulgarian youth in the 1970s and became quite widespread. Between the 1970 and late 1980s, Tyumen Region received 4 000 Bulgarians living in it with the biggest groups working in Tyumen, Surgut, Nizhnevartovsk, Urai, and Nadim. Several districts, working villages, and oil extraction facilities in Western Siberia were built by them. Also, both in Tyumen and Surgut, there are squares of Soviet-Bulgarian friendship, and in Surgut there is a monument to Georgi Dimitrov. Upon arrival in the USSR, the Bulgarians had a privileged status. The main adaptation difficulties were associated with the local climate and the language barrier. The life of Bulgarians and the work of the Glavbolgarstroy company in Western Siberia laid a strong foundation for economic activity that gave rise to a large influx of Bulgarian migrants to Russia in the 1990s. As a result, according to All-Russian censuses in 2002 and 2010, Tyumen region had the largest community of Bulgarians registered in Russia. Today Bulgarians in Western Siberia are present as third-generation migrants; they play a significant role in sociocultural and economic spheres of Tyumen Region. Many of them maintain an emotional bond with their motherland and keep in touch with their families and close people in Bulgaria. ; Исследование выполнено при поддержке РФФИ, грант №19-59-18003 «Болгары Урала и Сибири в XX–XXI веках: история, культура, идентичность». ; The research was carried out with the support of the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, grant 19-59-18003 "Bulgarians of the Urals and Siberia in the 20th–21st Centuries: History, Culture, Identity".

The article analyzes the situation of border conflicts between the Ural region and the Bashkir Autonomous Socialist Republic (BASSR) over the territory of the bend of the Belaya and Kama rivers in the 1920s. It is emphasized that nowadays, there is a narrative in historiography about the predominance of "national republics" in the USSR in the 1920s, but this provision may be revised. Until 1918, the lands in question belonged to Bashkir landowners, but were inhabited by Russian peasants who took them on lease. After the Bolsheviks came to power and the abolition of lease relations, both the Ural region and the Republic of Bashkortostan claimed these territories. The former pointed to the Russian composition of the population, the latter indicated the established economic ties. The paper examines in detail the development of this conflict, the application of the existing mechanisms and tools of decision-making of that time, as well as the role of the ethnic component in them. After lengthy negotiations at the level of local authorities, no compromise was reached. The authorities of the Republic of Bashkortostan campaigned among the local population and engaged specially trained respondents for surveys, while representatives of the Ural region refused to accept any opinion that did not correspond to the idea of local peasants transferring with their land to the Ural region. As a result, the issue was considered by the Administrative Commission of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, and the disputed territories were assigned to the Ural region. Therefore, in a state that has abandoned the prejudices of the past, the ethnic principle has played a key role in defining the boundaries of regions. This example shows that the Bolsheviks, even in the early years of Soviet power, were guided not only by the policy of unconditional preferential treatment of "national republics".