Search results

The subject of the analysis is the question of the limits of the countersignature of official acts of the President of the Republic of Poland. The considerations are made in the context of the institution of presidential announcement on vacant judicial positions in the Supreme Court of Poland and the Supreme Administrative Court of Poland. Firstly, the genesis and nature of the prerogatives of the head of state, the concept of prerogative powers against the background of the institution of countersignature, the substantive and formal limits of the countersignature, as well as the notion of the legal effect of the presidential official acts were discussed. Secondly, the question of the legal qualification of the presidential announcement was analysed and, based on it, the conclusion was drawn that the material limits of the institution of countersignature stand in the way of recognising the presidential announcement as a official act subject to countersignature. Next, the concept of instrumental sub-competences was proposed, which, as fragments of prerogative powers, include within their scope acts that depend on the underlying official act. In the final part of the study, fundamental arguments are presented in favour of adopting the view that the presidential announcement analysed is a sovereign official act which by its nature is not subject to countersignature.

The study concerns the factors influencing the shape of the Polish administrative judiciary, ranging from their conceptual patterns in the interwar period to the present day. Therefore, the article presents the history of administrative judiciary reforms as well as the constitutional and statutory foundations of the Polish administrative judiciary and their most important changes. The following parts of the study discuss issues related to the structure and internal organization of administrative courts, their jurisdiction and the concept of "administrative court case" as the subject of proceedings before an administrative court. The basic principles of administrative court proceedings as well as the types and nature of court decisions, including their appealability, validityand enforceability, were also discussed. The last part highlights the challenges faced by the Polish administrative judiciary and the prospects for its further reforms. ; Opracowanie dotyczy czynników mających wpływ na kształt polskiego sądownictwa administracyjnego, począwszy od ich koncepcyjnych wzorców w okresie międzywojennym, po czasy współczesne. W związku z tym w artykule przedstawiono historię reform sądownictwa administracyjnego oraz konstytucyjne i ustawowe podstawy polskiego sądownictwa administracyjnego i ich najważniejsze zmiany. W kolejnych częściach opracowania omówiono zagadnienia dotyczące struktury i organizacji wewnętrznej sądów administracyjnych, ich właściwość oraz pojęcie "sprawy sądowoadministracyjnej" jako przedmiotu postępowania przed sądem administracyjnym. Przybliżono też podstawowe zasady postępowania sądowoadministracyjnego oraz rodzaje i charakter rozstrzygnięć sądowych, w tym ich zaskarżalność, prawomocność i wykonalność. W ostatniej części zwrócono uwagę na wyzwania stojące przed polskim sądownictwem administracyjnym oraz perspektywy jego dalszych reform.

The study concerns the factors influencing the shape of the Polish administrative judiciary, ranging from their conceptual patterns in the interwar period to the present day. Therefore, the article presents the history of administrative judiciary reforms as well as the constitutional and statutory foundations of the Polish administrative judiciary and their most important changes. The following parts of the study discuss issues related to the structure and internal organization of administrative courts, their jurisdiction and the concept of "administrative court case" as the subject of proceedings before an administrative court. The basic principles of administrative court proceedings as well as the types and nature of court decisions, including their appealability, validity and enforceability, were also discussed. The last part highlights the challenges faced by the Polish administrative judiciary and the prospects for its further reforms. ; Opracowanie dotyczy czynników mających wpływ na kształt polskiego sądownictwa administracyjnego, począwszy od ich koncepcyjnych wzorców w okresie międzywojennym, po czasy współczesne. W związku z tym w artykule przedstawiono historię reform sądownictwa administracyjnego oraz konstytucyjne i ustawowe podstawy polskiego sądownictwa administracyjnego i ich najważniejsze zmiany. W kolejnych częściach opracowania omówiono zagadnienia dotyczące struktury i organizacji wewnętrznej sądów administracyjnych, ich właściwość oraz pojęcie "sprawy sądowoadministracyjnej" jako przedmiotu postępowania przed sądem administracyjnym. Przybliżono też podstawowe zasady postępowania sądowoadministracyjnego oraz rodzaje i charakter rozstrzygnięć sądowych, w tym ich zaskarżalność, prawomocność i wykonalność. W ostatniej części zwrócono uwagę na wyzwania stojące przed polskim sądownictwem administracyjnym oraz perspektywy jego dalszych reform.

The study is devoted to analysing the relationships between the effectiveness of judicial control exercised by administrative courts and the specific character of administrative procedures of third generation. The considerations lead to the conclusion that the special features and the normative solutions of the positive law entail limitations on the intensity of the judicial review of legality of the contested administrative acts or actions. In such a situation, the judicial control may be confined to the formal sphere of legality. Consequently, the degree of effectiveness of the judicial impact on the administrative activity of prospective character may be substantially reduced.

The essential aim of the article is the theoretical analysis of the normative basis of the Polish state policy in the field of energy security. The analysis begins with the presen-tation of the state policy and energy policy concepts. The author argues that in the Polish legal order the concept of energy policy is concentrated around the premise of energy security. The next part of the analysis deals with the issues of categories of the norms shaping and implementing of the energy security policy in the Polish legal order. This part of the considerations shows that the normative basis for the determination, implementation and verification of political actions taken by the public authorities in the field of energy security requires the use of specific normative structures. The analysis refers to the conception of 'goal-oriented norms'. The norms of this kind set binding goals, directions and conditions for the actions of state authorities as well in the field of energy policy. The types of the acts which concretize the goal-oriented norms (e.g. task-oriented norms; directional and determinative norms; planning norms) in the discussed field of state policy are also discussed.

The essential aim of the article is the theoretical analysis of the normative basis of the Polish state policy in the field of energy security. The analysis begins with the presen-tation of the state policy and energy policy concepts. The author argues that in the Polish legal order the concept of energy policy is concentrated around the premise of energy security. The next part of the analysis deals with the issues of categories of the norms shaping and implementing of the energy security policy in the Polish legal order.
This part of the considerations shows that the normative basis for the determination, implementation and verification of political actions taken by the public authorities in the field of energy security requires the use of specific normative structures. The analysis refers to the conception of 'goal-oriented norms'. The norms of this kind set binding goals, directions and conditions for the actions of state authorities as well in the field of energy policy. The types of the acts which concretize the goal-oriented norms (e.g. task-oriented norms; directional and determinative norms; planning norms) in the discussed field of state policy are also discussed.

National identity in the globalisation process
Globalisation is the notion that has no single, universal definition. Although every theoretician has a different perception and definition of it, there is no doubt concerning the fact that the process of the global economy internationalisation initiated already during the times of great geographic discoveries leads to deepening the relations across the national borders all over the world as concerns economic, social and technological relations. The integration understood in that way, as well as the ease of crossing the borders involved in it, leads to the questions concerning the national identity, sovereignty and feeling of belonging. In extreme cases, it may be the reason for aversion to citizens of other countries. The assume objective of the paper is to highlight the issue of national identity in the process of progressing globalisation and integration of countries and societies in the global scale as well as the analysis of contemporary values and customs at the background of progressing integration and melting of nationalities. For that purpose, questionnaire based survey covering 210 respondents (divided into three groups – high school students, students of tertiary schools and people over 50 years of age) living in Warmińsko‑Mazurskie voivodship was conducted. The studies on the attitude of the Poles to other nationalities were complemented by the results of the survey by the Public Opinion Research Centre presented in the work "Attitudes of the Poles towards other nations".

The article presents the contributions of Benedykt Dybowski to the natural history of Steller's sea cow – a marine mammal species, that had become extinct in the 18th c. Dybowski's impact is highlighted in his iconic discoveries concerning the biology of this species. Namely, he revealed and described the sexual dimorphism of the Steller's sea cow and was the first to propose the climatic hypothesis concerning its extinction. Furthermore, Dybowski sent the largest number of skulls and bones representing this species to European museums in the 19th c. Today, these artifacts are deposited in seven museums in five countries (England, Ukraine, Poland, Austria, and Monaco). Unfortunately, specimens sent to Polish scientific institutions were looted or destroyed during both world wars. Sources examined in the present paper picture Dybowski as a prominent zoologist who worked within an international network of other outstanding specialists of that time – especially Władysław Taczanowski of the Warsaw Zoological Cabinet. The documents analyzed here shed new light on the work of naturalists and museum workers, revealing behind-the-scenes complexities of purchasing scarce and valuable zoological specimens.