Suchergebnisse

RésuméLe présent article examine le délai selon lequel ont été introduits quatre grands programmes de sécurité sociale — assurance contre les accidents du travail, prestations de santé, pensions et allocations familiales — dans 43 pays d'Afrique. Il étudie également si le cadre législatif, la religion dominante ou le passé colonial du pays jouent un rôle lorsque l'on prend également en compte l'année de l'indépendance, la prospérité, le degré de démocratie, la stabilité politique, l'industrialisation du pays et la taille et l'homogénéité ethnique de sa population. En se fondant sur le modèle de Cox, il conclut que les pays industrialisés, homogènes et présentant une population relativement élevée qui ont été autrefois sous administration française paraissent aujourd'hui plus avancés en matière de législation de sécurité sociale.

AuszugDer vorliegende Artikel untersucht den Zeitpunkt der Einführung von vier wichtigen Komponenten der sozialen Sicherheit — Arbeitsunfallversicherung, Krankengeld, Renten und Familienbeihilfen — in 43 afrikanischen Ländern. Er geht des Weiteren auf die Frage ein, ob die Gesetzgebungsstruktur, die vorherrschende Religion oder die koloniale Vergangenheit des jeweiligen Landes von Bedeutung sind, wenn wir das Jahr der Unabhängigkeit, den Wohlstand, den Grad der Demokratie, die Regierungsstabilität, die Industrialisierung sowie Größe und ethnische Homogenität der Bevölkerung auf ihren jeweiligen Einfluss hin überprüfen. Auf der Grundlage des Regressionsmodells von Cox kann geschlossen werden, dass industrialisierte, homogene und recht bevölkerungsreiche Länder, die unter französischer Herrschaft gestanden haben, bei der Gesetzgebung zur sozialen Sicherheit in Afrika im Allgemeinen Vorreiter sind.

ResumenEn este artículo se examina los distintos momentos elegidos para introducir cuatro grandes programas de seguridad social —el seguro de accidentes del trabajo, las prestaciones por enfermedad, las pensiones y las asignaciones familiares— en cuarenta y tres países africanos. Además, se analiza si la estructura legislativa, la religión dominante o el pasado colonial del país hasta el año de su independencia tienen importancia a la hora de ponderar la prosperidad, el grado de democracia, la estabilidad gubernamental, su industrialización, la demografía y la homogeneidad étnica de la población. A partir del modelo de regresión de Cox de riesgos proporcionales se concluye que la tendencia muestra que los países industrializados, homogéneos y más bien populosos que estuvieron bajo dominio francés son pioneros en materia de legislación sobre seguridad social.

Institutional pension policy is held to be one of the trade marks of the celebrated Scandinavian model. Universal national pensions guarantee a decent livelihood to every citizen irrespective of socio-economic status. Income-related pensions that are paid on top of the national pensions secure the standard of living achieved during the working career. This Scandinavian institutionalism has usually been associated with long-lasting working class hegemony, consolidated by the deliberate goal of abolishing means-testing from national pensions and expanding the scope and quality of income-related pensions. However, some studies challenge this interpretation. Instead, they emphasize the crucial role played by the middle classes. By using survey data from Finland, this study seeks to determine which socio-economic groups are in favour of the present Finnish pension policy model characterized by universal basic pensions and income-graduated work-merit pensions. The results show that workers and farmers are more willing to introduce means-testing and flat-rate pensions than white-collar workers. Correspondingly, these groups are more sceptical of income-graduated benefits. Middle classes, especially upper white-collar workers, support income graduated benefits and are more reluctant than workers and farmers to introduce means-tested or flat-rate pensions. Thus, the results indicate that the support for the present institutional pension policy model in Finland ist strongest among the middle strata. But the results also indicate that this support is greatly dependent on benefit form, and when debating on the class basis of the Scandinavian universalism, we must be more explicit in specifying which aspects of universalism are at stake. (European Journal of Political Research / AuD)

A growing field of discursive institutionalism has argued for the importance of ideas and discourse in policy changes. The aim of the study is to analyse framing effects empirically by examining how, and to what extent, competing frames can shape public opinion on the implementation of a specific policy change. The case study focuses on the administration of social assistance in Finland. Results indicate that the framing of ideas shapes public opinion. Analyses show that some types of frames are more effective than others. To be successful, a politician must simplify the issue and appeal to moral sentiments rather than present too many difficult 'factual' viewpoints. Our study also emphasizes that even frames that succeed in shaping popular opinion may fail if powerful political actors oppose reform. Therefore, we argue that the interplay between the 'old' power resource approach and the 'new' ideational approach should be taken into account when explaining institutional changes.

This guidance paper provides a common intellectual understanding for the BEYOND4.0 research project. It explains what is to be analysed, why and how. As part of this task, it explains the key developments, issues and concepts that drive the project. It provides a common starting point for the aim of BEYOND4.0 to support the delivery of an inclusive European future by examining the impact of new technologies on the future of jobs, business models and welfare in the European Union (EU).

This guidance paper provides a common intellectual understanding for the BEYOND4.0 research project. It explains what is to be analysed, why and how. As part of this task, it explains the key developments, issues and concepts that drive the project. It provides a common starting point for the aim of BEYOND4.0 to support the delivery of an inclusive European future by examining the impact of new technologies on the future of jobs, business models and welfare in the European Union (EU).