Suchergebnisse

When setting the goal and objectives of this article, the author proceeded from the fact that the well-studied early history of the palace settlements (dvortsovoe settlements) of Moscow uyezd and other central uyezds of the Russian State is very rarely integrated into the study of their current state, largely formed under the influence of their past as palace settlements. The sources for the article comprise numerous reference books on the history of the former palace estates, as well as online resources based on official primary sources on the current state of particular settlements. The author has identified the main socio-demographic characteristics of 162 out of the 178 settlements included in the List of palace volosts and villages for 1705. The settlements whose historical fate has not been identified are either those whose names have changed beyond recognition or the ones that have completely melted into other settlements. A quantitative analysis of various administrative and socio-demographic parameters of the former palace villages, first of all, made it possible to trace changes in the settlement status of the former palace villages of Central Russia in the 18th - early 21st centuries and to reveal isolated cases of the complete disappearance of the former palace settlements. The analysis of the changes in the administrative status of the former palace villages has shown that the potential given to them when they were founded, was eventually instrumental in the transformation of the two-thirds of them into local administrative centers. The article interprets population growth in 70% of studied palace settlements, which continued up to the end of the 20th century, as an indicator of their successful demographic development. A study of the socio-economic development of the palace villages led to the conclusion that many of them in the 18th-19th centuries became and now remain local commercial, industrial and socio-cultural centers. In conclusion, the article states that a number of long-term historical, historical-geographical, historical-cultural factors contributed to successful, and unparalleled at present, socio-demographic development of almost one and a half hundred former palace settlements. This relative success manifested itself against the backdrop of the withering of thousands of Russian rural settlements.

"The article presents several results of the computer modeling of demographic processes in the late traditional rural communities by means of fractal geometry. A team of contributors developed a model and software for it, then carried out its verification, data processing, computer modeling and Interpretation of results. The analysis of modeling outcomes allowed to build a holistic picture of the demographic behavior in rural communities of the Tambov province - one of the typical agrarian regions of 19th and 20th century Russia. Authors describe the degree and ways of how demographic behavior of the society was influenced by such factors as famine, war, epidemics, a level of health care infrastructure development, etc. Besides, it was possible to trace some non-linear effects in demographic strategies agrarian communities followed during modernization processes in Russia in the second half of the 19th and 20th centuries." (author's abstract)

The theory of legal impact from the perspective of an integrative approach to understanding law, is a progressive theoretical and methodological toolkit with a high potential of heuristically mastering of various legal phenomena. This theory understood within the framework of an integrative approach, allows us to consider its legal nature, content and essence as fully and thoroughly as possible, which creates favorable conditions for achieving the criteria of scientific research, such as: comprehensiveness, objectivity, and historicism. It is the integrative approach that makes it possible to fully realize such a fundamental principle of scientific research as unity in diversity, to study the nature of the legal impact comprehensively and deeply, as a complex socio-legal phenomenon, determined by various factors of public life. The methodological ground of the examination depends on the utilization of different general logical procedures and techniques for logical information, just as specific logical strategies – recorded legitimate, formal-lawful, relative lawful and interpretative. Results showed that law isn't reducible to the arrangement of lawful standards, it is a lot more extensive and progressively various, which is related with its source, bearer and vehicle - a man, with his intentionally solid willed nature and passionate mental motivations.

This paper aims to present a comprehensive study of the natural and migration movement of the rural population of Russia over several periods of the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. The authors proceed from the premise that it is necessary to consider not only the decline of Russia's rural population but also its movement. The article refers to the data of general censuses and vital records of the population at the regional, district, and settlement levels in one of the most successful agrarian regions by Russian standards, i.e. the Central Black Earth Region. The authors process the information from the sources employing various quantitative methods, including modeling demographic processes of the past, which helps verify the information of official documents. It is concluded that the idea of the general "extinction" of the Russian countryside is oversimplified. Historical data of the Central Black Earth Region testify to the constantly changing, different directions of demographic processes at the level of individual regions, districts, and settlements. Backsliding due to the process of depopulation, conservative demographic modernisation, and especially the transfer of urban dwellers back to rural areas contribute to the preservation of "islands of stability". There are still dozens of districts and hundreds of settlements in the Central Black Earth Region characterised by natural growth and migration influx. The authors argue that a population which is excessive in terms of the needs of modern agriculture will continue to migrate. At the same time, based on the data of last decades, it is suggested that a certain number of people will be staying in the countryside as well as relocating there — those preferring a rural lifestyle in general or seeking to survive there in times of crisis. The reverse migration to rural areas observed during critical periods made it possible and continues to amortise the continuous decline of the rural population.

This study focused on a Russian agrarian microregion (12.5 km2) situated in a forest steppe area (in Tambov Oblast) during the 18th–19th centuries. The research illuminates the mechanisms, patterns, and impact that the environment has on social processes, and vice versa — the human impact on the environment (and particularly on landscape). The authors created a geographic information system which they used to compare the results of aerial survey and satellite imagery, with historical maps and other sources, including archival documents. Morphological anomalies were identified on an orthophotomap, and then interpreted. The conclusions of the research concern the nature of interaction between the agrarian society and the environment. Settlement in the plains of the forest steppe was heavily dependent on the water regime, which directly affected the condition and dynamics of communication routes and economic infrastructure. The vanished settlement found in this study is an example of such an effect: it grew up along a road and was abandoned when the areas through which the road ran were waterlogged. Plain rivers can alter the surrounding landscape quite drastically over relatively short historical periods, and are themselves subject to anthropogenic influence. Changes in living conditions and economic management led to variability in settlement patterns and land use. This can be seen especially well in the lowland, where such schemes were predominantly temporary. The processing of Earth remote sensing data makes it possible to fill gaps in sources and discover new evidence of the past.