Suchergebnisse

Die Verfasser stellen zunächst die aktuelle Situation der deutschen Landwirtschaft dar und verweisen auf die Multifunktionalität der Landwirtschaft, die neben dem ökonomischen Aspekt auch ökologische, Standort- und Erholungsfunktionen umfasst. Vor diesem Hintergrund werden Wege zur Umsetzung einer nachhaltigen Landwirtschaft erörtert. Es wird nach externen Effekten in ihrer Wirkung auf die Landwirtschaft gefragt, um dann aus volkswirtschaftlicher Sicht die Ermittlung und Umsetzung der optimalen Umweltqualität zu behandeln. Die Bedeutung ausgewählter Landnutzungskonzepte (ordnungsgemäße Landwirtschaft, integrierter Landbau, ökologischer Landbau) für das Leitbild der Nachhaltigkeit wird bewertet. In einem Exkurs gehen die Verfasser auf die Verwendung gentechnisch veränderter Organismen in der Landwirtschaft ein. Abschließend werden die aktuellen agrarpolitischen Rahmenbedingungen angesprochen. (ICE2)

Lower diversity of plant and animal farmland species are usually reported where cropland has been aggregated into larger fields, which raises prospects of curbing declines in European farmland biodiversity and associated ecosystem services by halting trends to field size increases associated to agricultural intensification, without having to set aside arable land for conservation. Here, we consider the factors underlying trade‐offs between farmer income and biodiversity as mediated by field size at local and landscape scales, and how these trade‐offs may be overcome. Field sizes are still increasing, facilitated by increasing farm sizes and land consolidation. Decreases in working time and fuel expenses when fields are larger, uptake of larger machinery and subsidies favoring larger farms provide incentives to manage land in larger units, putting farmland biodiversity further at risk. Yet, field size‐mediated ecological–economic trade‐offs are largely ignored in policy and research. We recommend internalizing the ecological effects of changes in landscape‐scale field size into land consolidation scheme design, ensuring that EU Common Agricultural Policy post‐2020 rewards farmers that maintain and recreate fine‐grained landscapes where these are essential for farmland biodiversity targets, and reducing economic–ecological trade‐offs by stimulating agricultural research and innovation for economically efficient yet biodiversity‐friendly farming in fine‐grained landscapes.

This document represents deliverable D2.3 "Report on European in-depth case studies" within workpackage WP2 "Diagnostic of existing experiences on agri-environmental-climate public goods (AECPGs)" of the EU Horizon 2020 project CONSOLE. The report on European in-depth studies gives a short introduction of the deliverable's objectives and the tasks addressed. It describes the process of in-depth data collection and shortly introduces the criteria being the basis for performance assessment, as well as the types of contract solutions considered in the project. The document then provides an in-depth insight into 26 CONSOLE in-depth studies: it describes the main contract features of 5 contract solutions qualifying as result-based/result-oriented contract solutions, 7 as collective implementation/collaboration contract solutions, 6 as contract solutions based on the value chain, and 3 contract solutions characterized by land tenure arrangements with environmental clauses. Moreover, 5 contract types representing combinations/hybrids of contract types are presented. The report outlines how different agri-environmental-climate public goods (AECPGs) are addressed by the different contract types, revealing that differences exist in the numbers and the kind of AECPGs addressed. The analysis shows for example that biodiversity represents the AECPG most often addressed and indicates, that result-based and result-oriented contract solutions are mainly implemented to target single, specific AECPGs, while collective implementation focusses rather on the improvement of broader bundles of AECPGs on territorial levels. The report analyses framework conditions and context situations under which contract solutions are implemented, particularly discussing 1.) environmental conditions, agricultural/forestry background and socioeconomic features, 2.) policy conditions, 3.) legal conditions, 4.) the role of institutions and formal structures and 5.) technology aspects. The last part of the report is devoted to the analysis of contract specifications and performance of the contract solutions. Here, the results of the evaluation of the importance of performance criteria for the success of contract solutions are described, giving a deeper insight into the 10 performance criteria and how they are important for the success of the different contract types. A major part of the analysis is then devoted to the description of design principles for high performance. Here best practice examples out of the in-depth sample are provided. The report concludes with an overview of the main findings, and gives and outlook on the further use of the results for scientific analyses and for practice.

This document represents deliverable D2.4 "Report on WP2 lessons learned" within work package WP2 "Diagnostic of existing experiences on AECPGs" of the EU Horizon 2020 project CONSOLE. The document brings together results and conclusions of WP2 Task 2.5. Particularly, the results from the analysis of solutions from inside the EU will be complemented with experiences beyond the CONSOLE EU case studies in order to derive inspiration and additional ideas for improvements of European solutions in WP3 and WP4. Moreover, the lessons learned will give first an overview for policy makers on innovative and successful solutions "outside the box".

Innovation ist der Motor für Wachstum und Beschäftigung. Dies gilt für alle Wirtschaftszweige, einschließlich der Landwirtschaft. Der Wissensstand über das Innovationssystem in der österreichischen Landwirtschaft ist jedoch relativ gering. Um diesen Mangel zu beheben, werden in dieser Studie zwei Aspekte eingehend untersucht. Im internationalen Vergleich der landwirtschaftlichen Innovationssysteme bleibt Österreich in Bezug auf wichtige Variable wie die Forschungsausgaben, Patente und wissenschaftlichen Veröffentlichungen hinter Ländern wie den Niederlanden oder der Schweiz. Wie eine Befragung landwirtschaftlicher Betriebe in Österreich zeigt, wurden wesentliche Innovationen nur von einer Minderheit der Betriebe umgesetzt. Die Studie präsentiert und diskutiert Möglichkeiten zur Steigerung der Innovationsfähigkeit von Betrieben in Österreichs Landwirtschaft.

Abstract in deutscher Sprache nicht verfügbar ; Cultural landscapes in Austria are multifunctional through their simultaneous support of productive, habitat, regulatory, social, and economic functions. This study investigates, if changing climatic conditions in Austria will lead to landscape change. Based on the assumption that farmers are the crucial decision makers when it comes to the implementation of agricultural climate change policies, this study analyzes farmers' decision-making under the consideration of potential future climate change scenarios and risk, varying economic conditions, and different policy regimes through a discrete choice experiment. Results show that if a warming climate will offer new opportunities to increase income, either through expansion of cash crop cultivation or new land use options such as short-term rotation forestry, these opportunities will almost always be seized. Even if high environmental premiums were offered to maintain current cultural landscapes, only 43 % of farmers would prefer the existing grassland cultivation. Therefore, the continuity of characteristic Austrian landscape patterns seems unlikely. In conclusion, despite governmental regulations of and incentives for agriculture, climate change will have significant effects on traditional landscapes. Any opportunities for crop intensification will be embraced, which will ultimately impact ecosystem services, tourism opportunities, and biodiversity.

Increasing Greenhouse-gas emissions and related climate effects require mitigation strategies. Also emissions caused by agriculture are brought into the focus of political debate. Particularly peatland cultivation, inducing significant CO2 emissions is being discussed more and more. Our study aims to answer the question of whether changes of peatland management can serve as cost-efficient emission- mitigation strategy. We have built an economic model in which farm-individual and plot-specific CO2-abatement costs of selected landuse strategies are calculated by contrasting effects on the agricultural income with the related reduction in greenhouse-gas emissions. With respect to microeconomic data we use a dataset collected in six German regions while data on emission-factors originates from own measurements. Results show that CO2-abatement costs vary due to different levels of land-use reorganisation. Reasonable emission reductions are mainly achieved when agricultural intensity is clearly decreased. Agricultural income forgone varies significantly due to production conditions and mitigation strategies. However, even when economic costs are high they may be balanced by high emission reductions and may not result in high abatement costs. Nevertheless, CO2-reductions benefits appear to be social and costs private. Agro-environmental programmes must be implemented to compensate resulting income losses.