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"This book introduces the programming language R and covers the necessary skills to conduct quantitative research in criminology. While it can apply to other social science research, it does focus on skills specifically for criminology such as spatial joins, mapping, and scraping data from PDFs. The goal of this book is that by the end, a person without any prior programming experience can take raw crime data (e.g. from a .rds file, an Excel file, a PDF, from a website), be able to clean it, visualize the data, present it using R Markdown, and change it to a format ready for analysis (e.g. subset and aggregate the data)"--

This book introduces the programming language R and covers the necessary skills to conduct quantitative research in criminology. By the end, a person without any prior programming experience can take raw crime data, be able to clean it, visualize the data, present it using R Markdown, and change it to a format ready for analysis.

This is a full and authoritative history of the European Payments Union, a regional payments organization set up in 1950 by the member countries of the Organization for European Economic Cooperation (the forerunner of the OECD), with the help of the US, to provide a multilateral system of settling their payments, surpluses and deficits with one another and to foster liberalization of inter-European trade. It paved the way for the reintroduction of the external convertibility of European currencies at the end of 1958. The authors are supremely well qualified for their task: Dr Schleiminger was the German member of the EPU Board in the 1950s and subsequently General Manager of the Bank for International Settlements; Dr Kaplan was the US member on the Managing Board of the EPU during the same period. This book is intended for historians of economics and finance; banking; those interested in European financial institutions and trading arrangements.

For the past five or six years American foreign economic policy has constantly been forced to scramble to keep pace with rapidly changing reality. On March 30, 1950, the President entrusted the retiring Secretary of the Army, Gordon Gray, with responsibility for "a careful analysis of the various factors bearing on the present disparity between imports and exports." Mr. Gray scarcely had time to assemble a staff and begin an intensive investigation when the attack on South Korea introduced significant alterations into the factual setting of the world's economy.