Elbeuf during the Revolutionary Period: History and Social Structure
In: Johns Hopkins University studies in historical and political science Series 81, no. 2
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In: Johns Hopkins University studies in historical and political science Series 81, no. 2
In: Science & society: a journal of Marxist thought and analysis, Band 65, Heft 2, S. 236-242
ISSN: 0036-8237
In: International labor and working class history: ILWCH, Band 31, S. 121-124
ISSN: 1471-6445
In: International review of social history, Band 12, Heft 2, S. 277-291
ISSN: 1469-512X
At the very beginning of the investigation, it is necessary to find a word to describe the European masses before the coming of the twin revolutions, the French and Industrial, that have contributed so much to the making of the modern world. "Proletariat" is clearly anachronistic; "wage-earners" is inadequate in a society where cash wages were far from being the most common form of payment for labor. "Working class" is too much identified with nineteenth century developments and, what is worse, conjures up an image of a homogeneous group that does not conform to eighteenth century realities. "Laboring poor" is by far the best, for it emphasizes two primary facts about the people with whom we are concerned: first, that, to one extent or another, they earned their living by doing manual labor, and, second, that they were being continuously impoverished, as Professor Labrousse has shown. The category has several virtues as a tool of historical analysis. It is large enough to take account of the complexities of eighteenth century social conditions, stressing the mobility and social intercourse that existed, albeit on a diminishing scale, between the master artisans and shopkeepers, their apprentices and journeymen on the one hand, and the domestics, beggars, criminals and floating elements in the population, on the other.Classes laborieusesandclasses dangereuseslived side by side and recruited their personnel from one another. They did in fact form a whole, whom contemporaries called"les classes inférieures". If we look toward the future, we see that the French Revolution Was to bring about a temporary split in their ranks by politicizing those among them who became the sans-culottes, and that the Industrial Revolution was to complete this division on other bases by allowing some of the laboring poor to become petty capitalists, While forcing the majority to become proletarians or to fall further still into the nether world of the lumpen-proletariat. In sum, the use of the concept of the laboring poor enables us to come close to the reality of eighteenth century paris and to watch the disagregation of that reality with the passage of time.
In: Annales historiques de la Révolution française, Band 187, Heft 1, S. 1-14
In: Political science quarterly: a nonpartisan journal devoted to the study and analysis of government, politics and international affairs ; PSQ, Band 81, Heft 3, S. 474-475
ISSN: 1538-165X
In: Monthly Review, Band 14, Heft 7, S. 395
ISSN: 0027-0520
In: Le mouvement social, Heft 112, S. 111
ISSN: 1961-8646
In: Le mouvement social, Heft 114, S. 139
ISSN: 1961-8646
In: Social history, Band 6, Heft 1, S. 145-154
ISSN: 1470-1200
In: Social history, Band 3, Heft 1, S. 121-128
ISSN: 1470-1200
In: Social history, Band 2, Heft 6, S. 805-834
ISSN: 1470-1200
In: Social history, Band 3, Heft 3, S. 375-410
ISSN: 1470-1200