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The post-totalitarian authoritarianism of the Polish People's Republic of 1956–1989 was based on, among others, indoctrination. It was carried out not only through the media and the education system. The law also served this purpose. The adoption of the Labour Code provided the basis for using the educational function of the preamble to shape and consolidate politically desirable patterns of behaviour in socialist labour relations. The content of the Preamble to the Labour Code not only reflected the goals set by the legislator of the adopted legal regulation, but, being saturated with ideological issues, it set the directions for adopting and applying labour law provisions and defined the desired behaviour patterns. Due to the content of individual editorial units, the Preamble to the Labour Code was not only of legal importance, but also some parts of it were normative.

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The legislator adopts various methods to determine the amount of the basis for calculating social security contributions. In the case of employees, it assumes that it is income from employment. In relation to persons conducting non-agricultural business activity, the legislator established the possibility of declaring the amount constituting the basis for calculating social contributions dimension, but it cannot be lower than 60% and not higher than 250% of the projected average monthly salary. ZUS (Social Insurance Institution) has the competence to determine the amount of contributions and their collection. However, in view of the techniques adopted for determining the basis, the pension authority's competence in checking the amount of the contribution base is different according to the category of the insured.

After the Second World War, the countries of Central and Eastern Europe were under the influence of the systemic solutions imposed by the USSR. Their constitutional systems were non-democratic systems based on one ideology and the monopoly of one party. The imposed political and socio-economic system concerned all spheres of the individual's life, changed the social structure and economic system. It was only his fall that opened the way to building a new regime, this time a democratic one. In individual countries, these changes took place differently – from reform efforts to almost revolutions. At the same time, transformation processes began, ending with the adoption of the constitution. The new constitutions contained, among others regulations regarding basic human and civil rights and freedoms, whose protection also requires institutional and procedural security. A special role in securing these rights is the judicial system in a given state, and it is not only about common and administrative courts, but also the constitutional judiciary. The article presents the formation of constitutional judiciary in selected countries of Central and Eastern Europe, the scope of their competences and the way they function. ; Po II wojnie światowej państwa Europy Środkowej i Wschodniej pozostawały pod wpływem narzucanych przez ZSRR rozwiązań ustrojowych. Ich systemy konstytucyjne były systemami niedemokratycznymi, opartymi na jednej ideologii oraz na monopolu jednej partii. Narzucony system polityczno-społeczno-gospodarczy dotyczył wszystkich sfer życia jednostki, zmieniał strukturę społeczną oraz system ekonomiczny. Dopiero jego upadek otworzył drogę do budowania nowego ustroju, tym razem demokratycznego. W poszczególnych krajach zmiany te zachodziły różnie – od działań reformatorskich po niemalże rewolucje. Jednocześnie zaczęły się procesy transformacyjne, kończące się uchwalaniem konstytucji. Nowe konstytucje zawierały m.in. unormowania dotyczące podstawowych praw i wolności człowieka i obywatela, których ochrona wymaga również zabezpieczenia instytucjonalnego i proceduralnego. Szczególną rolę w zabezpieczeniu tych praw stanowi system sądownictwa w danym państwie i nie chodzi tu tylko o sądownictwo powszechne i administracyjne, ale także sądownictwo konstytucyjne. W artykule przedstawiono kształtowanie się sądownictwa konstytucyjnego w wybranych państwach Europy Środkowej i Wschodniej, zakres ich kompetencji oraz sposób funkcjonowania.

After the Second World War, the countries of Central and Eastern Europe were under the influence of the systemic solutions imposed by the USSR. Their constitutional systems were non-democratic systems based on one ideology and the monopoly of one party. The imposed political and socio-economic system concerned all spheres of the individual's life, changed the social structure and economic system. It was only his fall that opened the way to building a new regime, this time a democratic one. In individual countries, these changes took place differently – from reform efforts to almost revolutions. At the same time, transformation processes began, ending with the adoption of the constitution. The new constitutions contained, among others regulations regarding basic human and civil rights and freedoms, whose protection also requires institutional and procedural security. A special role in securing these rights is the judicial system in a given state, and it is not only about common and administrative courts, but also the constitutional judiciary. The article presents the formation of constitutional judiciary in selected countries of Central and Eastern Europe, the scope of their competences and the way they function. ; Po II wojnie światowej państwa Europy Środkowej i Wschodniej pozostawały pod wpływem narzucanych przez ZSRR rozwiązań ustrojowych. Ich systemy konstytucyjne były systemami niedemokratycznymi, opartymi na jednej ideologii oraz na monopolu jednej partii. Narzucony system polityczno-społeczno-gospodarczy dotyczył wszystkich sfer życia jednostki, zmieniał strukturę społeczną oraz system ekonomiczny. Dopiero jego upadek otworzył drogę do budowania nowego ustroju, tym razem demokratycznego. W poszczególnych krajach zmiany te zachodziły różnie – od działań reformatorskich po niemalże rewolucje. Jednocześnie zaczęły się procesy transformacyjne, kończące się uchwalaniem konstytucji. Nowe konstytucje zawierały m.in. unormowania dotyczące podstawowych praw i wolności człowieka i obywatela, których ochrona wymaga również zabezpieczenia instytucjonalnego i proceduralnego. Szczególną rolę w zabezpieczeniu tych praw stanowi system sądownictwa w danym państwie i nie chodzi tu tylko o sądownictwo powszechne i administracyjne, ale także sądownictwo konstytucyjne. W artykule przedstawiono kształtowanie się sądownictwa konstytucyjnego w wybranych państwach Europy Środkowej i Wschodniej, zakres ich kompetencji oraz sposób funkcjonowania.

The specific character of the self- government revenues sources implies difficulty in the distinction of the participation of the self- government own revenues in the general structure of the self- government budget. There are many factors which have impact on amount and structure of the self- government own revenues (e.g. structure of population or industrialization).

AbstractThis study was undertaken to determine the distribution of soil bacteria capable of utilizing both n-alkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons. These microorganisms have not been comprehensively investigated so far. Ten contaminated (4046–43,861 mg of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) kg−1 of dry weight of soil) and five unpolluted (320–2754 mg TPH kg−1 of dry weight of soil) soil samples from temperate, arid, and Alpine soils were subjected to isolation of degraders with extended preferences and shotgun metagenomic sequencing (selected samples). The applied approach allowed to reveal that (a) these bacteria can be isolated from pristine and polluted soils, and (b) the distribution of alkane monooxygenase (alkB) and aromatic ring hydroxylating dioxygenases (ARHDs) encoding genes is not associated with the contamination presence. Some alkB and ARHD genes shared the same taxonomic affiliation; they were most often linked with the Rhodococcus, Pseudomonas, and Mycolicibacterium genera. Moreover, these taxa together with the Paeniglutamicibacter genus constituted the most numerous groups among 132 culturable strains growing in the presence of both n-alkanes and aromatic hydrocarbons. All those results indicate (a) the prevalence of the hydrocarbon degraders with extended preferences and (b) the potential of uncontaminated soil as a source of hydrocarbon degraders applied for bioremediation purposes.