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AbstractThis article examines the impact of war on trade between 1830 and 1913, that is, during the so‐called first wave of globalization. It has been argued that one of the main reasons for the rapid integration of commodity and factor markets that took place during this period was the peaceful character of the post‐Napoleonic nineteenth century. However, little research has been conducted on the actual impact of wars on international trade during this period. Previous research on the link between war and trade in general has found that war reduces trade both between belligerents and between belligerents and third parties (or neutrals). Apart from a handful of country case studies, this research has focused almost exclusively on the period before or after the peaceful nineteenth century. Our results show that, in the nineteenth century, the negative influence of war on trade was mainly limited to the belligerent economies, while belligerent–neutral trade was either unaffected or even increased during times of war. Also, in contrast to the findings of research on twentieth‐century wars, we find that nineteenth‐century wars had a strictly contemporaneous impact on trade, with a return to normalcy ensuing shortly after the cessation of hostilities.

According to previous research, the insurance market accounted for a key role in the welfare policies in post war, corporatist Sweden. It became the norm that 16 insurance should be distributed in a similar way to all public utilities. However, since the industry was considered to be too decentralised and too market oriented to meet the requirements of serving the public, new regulations were introduced. Shortly thereafter, the new legislation developed oligopolistic features, which are commonly associated with inefficiency problems. Was the regulation successful in light of its purpose? By quantifying the asset flows, we examine the impact of the regulation on the market structure, the market efficiency, and the market profitability of the Swedish insurance industry.

Education has always been a reform-intensive policy sector, perhaps more so now than ever before. In studying education reforms, analysis has typically emphasised elements and/or the entire policy process of individual reforms. The same is essentially true for the management of education reforms, which tends to treat an individual reform as a cycle in which every element is subject to organisational management practices. In contrast to approaching education policies as stand-alone phenomena, we argue that policies exist in context: they are occupants of a "policy space". In this paper, we draw on a contemporary Swedish teacher certification (STC) reform to explore what happens when a reform is implemented in a policy space that can potentially be portrayed as crowded, or even overcrowded. The main results indicate that while diverse local implementation strategies have been employed, STC has ended up in an overcrowded educational policy space. In this space, new and former reforms jostle against each other, giving rise to various un- foreseen problems that are difficult or even impossible to solve locally. Based on these observations, we identify several different interactions and unintended consequences or "policies by the way", thereby adding components useful in refining the theory of policy space.

Military training involves activities that range from combat operations to strategic decisions on how to locate and transport personal and supplies, such as food, ammunition, fuel and medical equipment. Despite of the fact that most military training is difficult to acquire from real situations, the skills required for learning from combat training technology are different from those required for training on military logistics. This research work aims to analyse learning priorities and the role of Computer-Based Training and Simulation (CBTS) on Military Supply Chain Logistics. Military logistics is a complex task that requires expertise for decisions on such factors as: (i) the mission to accomplish; (ii) the place to locate troops and all military facilities at the Area of Operations (AOO); the (iii) combat readiness level that will be expected to equip all the military operations; and the (iv) use of transportation resources and paths to follow in the AOO. In this work, each one of these factors is represented by a number of variables that must be considered as whole to outline the best decisions on supply chain logistics for each military operation. To identify training priorities for considering the implications of all variables that respond for these four factors, this work carried out a qualitative research with in depth interviews with military personal with expertise on making decisions about military logistics. Results from this research shows the skills that are most important to follow for developing expertise on military supply chain logistics and the technology that should best be applied to enhance the training experience. Conclusions from this work shows that training on military logistics involve decisions that are mostly unique, though the current computer-based technology has an important role for training and simulating field situations, thus enhancing the required expertise for making decisions on real military supply chain operations.

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This title combines original research, case studies, and critical analysis to cover highly charged topics in America today. It is divided into two sections; the first section discusses immigration and the borderlands while the second section covers topics such as the resilient citizen, lessons learned from the pandemic, and disaster recovery.

INTRODUCTION: Whether detailed genetic information contributes to risk stratification of patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) remains uncertain. Pathogenic genetic variants in some genes seem to carry a higher risk for arrhythmia and earlier disease onset than others, but comparisons between variants in the same gene have not been done. Combined Annotation Dependent Depletion (CADD) score is a bioinformatics tool that measures the pathogenicity of each genetic variant. We hypothesized that a higher CADD score is associated with arrhythmic events and earlier age at ARVC manifestations in individuals carrying pathogenic or likely pathogenic genetic variants in plakophilin-2 (PKP2). METHODS: CADD scores were calculated using the data from pooled Scandinavian and North American ARVC cohorts, and their association with cardiac events defined as ventricular tachycardia/ventricular fibrillation (VT/VF) or syncope and age at definite ARVC diagnosis were assessed. RESULTS: In total, 33 unique genetic variants were reported in 179 patients (90 males, 71 probands, 96 with definite ARVC diagnosis at a median age of 35 years). Cardiac events were reported in 76 individuals (43%), of whom 53 had sustained VT/VF (35%). The CADD score was neither associated with age at cardiac events (HR 1.002, 95% CI: 0.953-1.054, p = 0.933) nor with age at definite ARVC diagnosis (HR 0.992, 95% CI: 0.947-1.039, p = 0.731). CONCLUSION: No correlation was found between CADD scores and clinical manifestations of ARVC, indicating that the score has no additional risk stratification value among carriers of pathogenic or likely pathogenic PKP2 genetic variants. ; Funding agencies: This work was supported by Region Östergötland (ALF) undergrant LIO-609681 and by FORSS (Medical Research Council ofSoutheast Sweden) under grant FORSS/572421 and FORSS/307961.Pyotr G. Platonov is supported by The Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation and governmental funding of clinical research (ALF). Henrik K. Jensen is supported by the Novo Nordisk Foundation (NNF18OC0031258). Wojciech Zareba is supported by NIH Grant(1R01HL116906) (Mechanisms, Genotypes and Clinical Phenotypes of Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy).