Abstract When different entities (actors) accept a certain norm or a particular agreement about normative principles, they are likely to have an overlapping but not necessarily fully shared understanding of the given norm. This article theorises and assesses the strength of such normative overlaps in international politics. It conceptualises normative overlaps as normative congruences across and within political orders. It follows a norm's connection to constitutional layers of political orders (congruences within orders) and the way these constitutional layers of political orders, among which the norm is shared, overlap (congruences across orders). To do so, it builds upon and interconnects the literature on norms, especially norm diffusion, and the English School and constructivist literature on the composition of international order. The theoretical framework is utilised to analyse how China fits into the liberal international society, especially when it comes to human rights (HR) and humanitarian protection. The effect of the normative overlaps in this realm is China's active engagement with the liberal HR regime, however, without deeper convergence or socialisation. The limits of convergence are underpinned by significant differences between the Chinese developmentalist and liberal conceptions of the moral purpose of politics.
I discuss changes in the character and mechanisms of rule in the China–Hong Kong relationship after the promulgation of the Hong Kong National Security Law (HKNSL). I focus on the broader impacts of this particular legal norm on political order. By building on institutionalist theories of direct and indirect rule, I argue that HKNSL and the following changes brought about a compounded (amalgamated) type of rule of China over Hong Kong. It is based on a blend of aspects and mechanisms that do not account for direct governance in the full sense but utilise some elements of it. The post-HKNSL situation entangles new ruling mechanisms with those that had existed previously but were updated and strengthened in the post-HKNSL aftermath.
The English School of International Relations is one of the long-established theoretical approaches in IR that systematically explores the purpose and the character of international order at the macro-level of international politics. It does so by analysing deeply embedded (the so-called primary) institutions and other related institutional elements, norms and practices. This paper aims to introduce how the English School theoretically conceptualise and analyse international order. The paper synthetises the core argument of the English School, discusses how recent debates develop it and which key cleavages are present in the English School. I argue and demonstrate that the English School has been dynamically evolving in the last two decades and that it can contribute to our understanding of the changing world. The paper also encourages developments of the English School research in the Czech academic context.
Sovereignty is a key issue in the foreign policy of the People's Republic ofChina. In the paper, I focus on the understanding of this key notion andphenomenon by Chinese experts. The main research question of the paperis how the Chinese expert (academic) sphere approaches sovereignty andhow the notion of sovereignty is conceptually or theoretically developedwithin the Chinese sphere. In the paper, I show that one dominant model,which is identical with the so-called conservative (absolutist, Westphalian)understanding of sovereignty, can be identified. However, in some specificcases, Chinese authors demonstrate a relatively high degree of creativityand, hence, move beyond the conservative understanding of sovereignty.These cases are related to China's relations to Taiwan and Hong Kong,connections between sovereignty and human rights, and the concept ofinter-temporal law.
This article focuses on the role and position of Chinese nationalism in the China–Taiwan relationship. Through discourse analysis, it aims to contend with the frequently presented picture in the literature on Chinese nationalism, that is, that nationalism in China is (almost) omnipresent and omnipotent. In the article, nationalism is presented as a broad but nuanced phenomenon. By its very nature, nationalism is a multi-edged sword whose 'edges' have the potential to be positive and constructive in certain situations, as shown in China's approach to Taiwan in which nationalism plays an enabling role in a relatively important way. However, the article reveals a hierarchy in the concepts upon which China's official discourse is based. In doing so, it disentangles and separates the role of two key concepts—nationalism and sovereignty—which are generally seen as almost interchangeable. Ethics, morality and kinship in Chinese nationalism - as presented by China's official discourse in the relation to Taiwan - are subordinated to the politics of sovereignty.
Through utilizing correlative ontology, which is derived from ancient Chinese philosophy, this article offers a redefinition of the individual (subject), which subsequently helps to problematize the 'particular versus universal' distinction. It is then shown how correlative ontology might be useful for criticizing and stimulating the English School of International Relations and its two main views (i.e. solidarism and pluralism) on humanitarian intervention. The significance is that correlative ontology helps to challenge 'solidarism qua universalism' and 'pluralism qua particularism'.
Intro -- Authors -- Acknowledgements -- Contents -- 1. Introduction: English School Investigationsat the Regional Level, Aleš Karmazin -- 2. The English School and Regional International Societies: Theoretical and Methodological Reflections, Filippo Costa-Buranelli -- 3. Towards a Regional International Society: Making Senseof Regionalism(s) in East Asia, Yongjin Zhang -- 4. Unpacking South American International Society: A Historical Sketch, Federico Merke -- Appendix: Questioning Regional International Societyin Central Asia, Katarzyna Kaczmarska.
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